A Synopsis of the Documentary Regret to Inform Essay Example

A Synopsis of the Documentary Regret to Inform Essay Example A Synopsis of the Documentary Regret to Inform Paper A Synopsis of the Documentary Regret to Inform Paper Essay Topic: Cry the Beloved Country â€Å"Our deaths are not ours they are yours; they will mean what you make them. †- Regret to Inform â€Å"The terrible price of that nobility is one that nobody should have to pay†- Barbara Sonneborn In 1968, the director Barbara Sonneborn was informed that her husband, Jeff Gurvitz, had been killed in a mortar attack in Vietnam. The words â€Å"We regret to inform you† appeared on the telegram, and the message arrived on her 24th birthday. Sonneborn is the director, writer, and producer of the notable documentary film Regret to Inform. Although she remarried and has a lovely new life, she was haunted by the lost of her beloved husband and had strong, begrudging feelings about the war. After twenty years, on the date of Jeff’s death anniversary, she decided to follow her ex-husband’s footsteps in Vietnam and film a documentary about the influence of the Vietnam War on American and Vietnamese women. Through the film, the memory of the loss is relived by her again. This film was an Academy Award nominee in 1998, and won the Independent Spirit Award in 1999. It also won Best Director, Best Cinematography, and Feature Documentary awards at the Sundance Film Festival in 1999, and several others prestigious awards. 1 The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indo-China War, is also called the American War by the Vietnamese. It had its beginnings in 1957, subsequent escalation in 1960, and finally ended in 1975. The war was fought between the North Vietnamese government and US-supported South Vietnam. It concluded with the defeat and dissolution of South Vietnam. A total of 1,230,000 Vietnamese died in the conflict, and 330,000 people were reported missing. On the American side, a total of 58,209 Americans died, and about 2,000 American were missing in action and never accounted for. 2 A critic from the New York Times Magazine stated, â€Å"Every documentary film has an agenda, and the interviews that make up the bulk of Regret to Inform add up to a damning indictment of war in general and in particular the Vietnam War, which it portrays (without actually coming out and saying it) as a disastrous miscalculation. 3 Elsewhere, Anthony McCosham wrote of Regret to Inform: â€Å"A common complaint about filmic representations of the Vietnam war, particularly those produced in Hollywood, is that the films tend to focus too narrowly on the personal relationships of the characters involved, ignoring not only the political context of the war but also the viewpoint of its Vietnamese participants. † 4 McCosham criticized commercial films of the Vietnamese War without reservation, and at the same time he pointed out that Regret to inform presented a key point, the women’s point of view. Moreover, Lindsay Anderson commented that Regret to Inform shows the personal truth about war, and one comes away with the conviction that the only way to really understand war is on this personal, experiential level. No one who really knows this truth can ever mouth platitudes about glory and honor in war again, or advocate the necessity of war without a grave and conscientious acknowledgment of its devastating cost. 5 This critique enhances Regret to Inform’s argument and appeal against the war. In other words, the commentator also provides a sincere advice for the people who have ever been to the war because only the people who really came through from the war can really understand its destructive influence. Sonneborn’s Regret to Inform is a documentary that argues against war by presenting the personal stories and grief experienced by women on both sides of the conflict. She focuses on women, unlike so many other war films, and provides a uniquely feminist take on the Vietnam War. She effectively employs interviews, letters home, Jeff’s notification, Jeff’s reflection, music, and historical portraits to convince the audiences to rethink their support of war. In the beginning of Regret to Inform, Sonneborn introduced herself to the viewers and gives the reason for her journey to Vietnam. She wondered how and where did her husband died; therefore, she decided to find out the truth by herself. During the journey, she also interviewed many war widows who were influenced by the war and shared the same experienced. The interview is one of the key elements of this film, and those heart-wrenching stories bring the audience to re-inspect the war and find no difference in the pain experienced by both sides’ war widows. For example, Xuan Ngoc, a war victim and the director’s translator, recalled the bombing of her village in South Vietnam when she was 14. She witnessed her 5-years-old cousin being shot to death by an American solider when he went out from their hiding place in search for water. During the war, she also witnessed her neighbor dying without helping him. She also took her girl friend’s food in order to live since her friend was seriously injured. Terrifyingly, during the war she had to decide who was going to live or die. On screen she was choking up and tearful when she spewed out those bitter memories. Then, she continued stating that she fled from her village and survived for a time by prostituting herself to American soldiers sometimes half-a dozen a night. Some of them were just yelling at her, crying in front of her, and sometimes hitting her. Subsequently, she explained that at that time she was only 14 years old and why she had to face that choice. The director did not use simulation and dramatic narration to present the Vietnam War; instead, she revealed the physiological harm and plight on the war widows by interviewing from female standpoint. From Xuan Ngoc’s facial express and statement, the viewers can understand she is still suffering for those memories after the war ended. She revealed that she was prostituting herself in order to earn money and live; indeed, she also stated that she used marijuana a lot otherwise she could not have taken off her clothing in front of strangers. Asian culture is conservative about sex, and women are told that they should not have sex before they marry. Therefore, Xuan Ngoc was not only facing physiological suffering but also conflicts with her moral code. In addition, she was forced to decide who would live and die, which is against all human morality since she wanted to stay alive. Xauan Ngoc asks how we could have allowed such conditions to occur why we did not try to prevent it. Here, the viewers can see the interviewee’s emotional and mental anguish. Above all, from her expression, Xuan Ngoc challenges the audience so they can rethink about their support of the war. In another interview, we meet one American widow who said her husband left her a note to tell her that he loved her so much, but he could not take the flashbacks anymore, and then he went into garage one day and shot himself after he returned from the war. Sorrowfully, in another interview, a Vietnamese widow relates how she watched nine members of her family herded out and killed. Many Vietnamese women revealed the same experiences that during the war they were afraid of being raped, so they hid themselves in order to avoid the danger. Another Vietnamese woman stated, If you werent dead, you werent safe. Everything that moved was murdered. 6 Vietnamese women revealed some ruthless torture at the hands of South Vietnamese and American soldiers not only for men but also for women. In addition, both side’s children questioned their mothers why their fathers had not come home yet. By facing those painful situations, the widows expressed their hopeless and powerless feelings toward the war. The widows of both sides were given a fair voice to express their feeling and thoughts about the war. Many widows suffer for the war even after the war. There have been many movies that tried to investigate the Vietnam War, but most of them were made by marketing purpose since they are exciting and interesting. However, they are fiction after all. In Regret to Inform, there were no scenes of heroic deeds and no citation for soldiers’ bravery, only thing the presentation of the widows’ heartbreaking experiences. Indeed, even though women may not have a major role in the battlefield those who lost their families or suffered during the war were as profoundly influenced by the war as the men were. Xuan Ngoc concluded that she knows she is a good person. Because if she had another choice, then she would not have done what she did. From those statements and recollections, the movie uncovers the truth of the war and provides the audiences another angle on the war, and thus they could resist the war. Gadamer writes, â€Å"Language is the universal medium in which understanding occurs. Understanding occurs in interpreting. †7 Through the interviews, the widows’ descriptions of truth help the audience interpret the war, and by revealing their own wounds, the audience gains a batter understanding of how the war forces people to do things they normally would not do. Their stories keep those important memories alive. â€Å"Truth† is always more elusive then we think it is. When seeing the widows’ struggles, the audience would objectively realize that deep grief caused by the war happened to both Americans and Vietnamese. In the film, some American widows questioned the justification of the war and did not understand the necessity of war since those people did not threaten their country. They also stated that they do not consider their husbands to be murderers, but at the same time people need to look at it for what it is and it is murder. From the question of justification, the viewers would start to think about â€Å"is the war justifiable? † Indeed, from those information the audience would realize that the war is an illegal activity because it would only take innocent lives, cause people’ suffering, and test human moralities. Above all, once the viewers become aware that an American widows and the director could listen, interview, and truly record those Vietnamese widows’ voice and not treat them as enemies, they would be deeply moved and feel sorry for the victims. Fairly reporting both sides’ dilemmas, Sonneborn used those interview as a vehicle to move the audiences into the forgotten history and re-interpret the psychological impact for war victims. The interviews also increase this film’s reliability, validity, and persuasiveness. In addition to the interviews, Sonneborn used much different scenes as the evidence to argue and reveal the influence of the war such as letters home from both sides, Sonneborn’s husband’s notification, and the tape which records Jeff’s voice to reveal the brutality of war. Due to the war, most of women were using mail to communicate with their husbands, and through the mail they would know if they husbands were still alive. Sonneborn presents letters home through scenes to the audience, and these letters contain many moving sentences to express their feelings of loving and missing family members such as, I love you or I miss you. These letters were written in the Vietnamese language and English, and these scenes again demonstrate that even though Americans and Vietnamese have different races and cultural backgrounds, their sufferings and grief were all the same. Also, both sides’ victims loved their husbands and families profoundly; indeed, this love no difference on either side. Similarly, the director offered her husband’s notification in the film and showed the points where gunfire entered Jeff’s body. By seeing the scene, the viewers could imagine what it looks like and how it feels when someone you love is killed by war. â€Å"Mutilated†, †blast damage fractures†, and several other words appear on the notification, and those words present a concept for the viewers about what kind of price they would have to pay once the war occurs. Moreover, Sonneborn provides us with an opportunity to hear Jeff in his own words, when she plays an audio cassette he recorded. She was able to bring herself to play a tape that arrived in the mail shortly after twenty years of Jeff’s death. Jeff reflects, â€Å"I feel I were a bystander at my own life, calmly watching myself to things that I never expected or desired to. † He felt suffering toward to the war because he might have to do something that he did not want to do, perhaps burying dead bodies or killing people. During this scene, the voice was along with Vietnamese landscape to present Jeff’s testimony. From the tape, he expressed his feeling to Sonneborn, and it is clean that he was suffering for his moral code. It exactly pointed out that the soldiers feeling go unsaid. The scenes in the film provide the audience a chance to look at the war from different perspectives, and the sound effects enhance the movie’s persuasiveness and help people to engage in their sorrowful stories and experiences. In fact, music is an inseparable element to express and emphasize the film’s main idea. In Regret to Inform, a lot of string and percussion instruments were used to create a sorrowful atmosphere that would help the viewers engage with this film emotionally. The music plays an important role in portraying the tragic truth of the war, and the composer, Todd Boekelheide, combined numerous Vietnamese instruments with Western instrumentation. 8 Otherwise, the directors also uses Vietnamese folk songs and ambient noise in the film. The Vietnamese folk songs were used throughout the whole movie to express the pain of losing their beloved ones. Also, the director used ambient noise to present along with different portraits to the audience such as noise of train or Vietnamese women’s chatting voice. Therefore the audiences would feel like that they had experiencing the same trip along with the director. Moreover, string instruments, particularly the viola and cello, produced a variety of sounds with passionate vibrato and glissando. For instance, when the women recalled the time that first they met their husbands, the cellos played the dance-like duet and expressed their happy times together through repetitious simple melodies. In contrast to that, when women recollected the unpleasant memories of the war, then the instrumentation changed. During this time, the gong joined to announce the tragedy. Most melodies were presented along with historical, responsive photographs with a strong musical track that combines traditional Vietnamese songs and the instrumentation. All of these musical elements create the feeling of catastrophe and making the movie more touching; therefore, even after the film the viewers would still feel the widow’s pain and grief. It is obvious that Sonneborn uses music to persuade. Further, the music also opens a space for the audience quietly to catch on different messages from the film. Indeed, the musical track created a space for people to imagine if they were in those victims’ shoes and engaged the audience in their bitter memories. Additionally, Sonneborn uses many historical, cruel portraits to show how war really is. Many different pictures were presented to the audiences, such as photos of young dead children’s bodies, American soldiers searching for innocent civilians, and U. S. soldiers tossing bombs from airplanes. In fact, she employs many photographs of American soldiers spraying chemical defoliants in the South Vietnam, and these chemicals continue to change the landscape, cause diseases and birth defects, and poison the food chain in Vietnam. Abusing the use of defoliants hurt not only Vietnamese but also American soldiers. One American widow revealed that her husband suffered for seven years and declined in health. Eventually, he died from multiple cancers after he returned from the war. Besides, some of the images presented many hopeless children bloody and crying. Some children were sitting on the ground around with defenseless innocent eyes. Some children were hurt with blood, and some of them were being hold by the Vietnamese women or soldiers. Those pictures showed most of the victims as children and women. In addition, photos of U. S. soldiers tossing the bombs from the airplanes in addition to the number of bombs are shocking. Since bombs lead to huge fatality, many innocent people were harmed. Some photographs are presented in black and white and some are in color, and the similarity of these photos shows the afflictive situation of the war, which is very difficult for the audience to imagine. At the same time, it is an effective way to evoke the viewers’ great sympathy for those children and women. Those pictures were presented along the music, and those pictures become a language that enables the audiences to perceive and interpret the war. By those portraits, the audiences realize these war victims’ hardships and heartaches that resulted from the war. Sonneborn manipulates her thoughts effectively by employing interviews, letters home, Jeff’s notification, Jeff’s reflection, music, and historical, responsive photographs to convince the audience, to move them to believe her antiwar concept, and to act on that opinion. This documentary highlights the ruthless truth of the war, reports widow’s plights, and tells us how the war change people’s lives thereafter. In fact, the director did not drastically express antiwar concepts in the film, but the audiences still could detect the metaphor of negative feeling of the war. Most importantly, this film points no fingers at specific policymakers. This film does ask question that foreground the war not as an inevitable event, but a conflict that resulted from policies centered around of inhuman and callous ideologies. The film left us to wonder if the war would only result people’s anguish, then why people choose to do so. This film is accessible and engages people to respond the war concept that the film spoke to us in powerful way. Baker stated, â€Å"We must listen closely to men and women who became both the victims and the perpetrators of the war, if we want to learn something real about this particular conflict, something real about the human spirit, something real about ourselves. 9 The film talks back to the people who support the war, and it shows both widows’ gut-wrenching pain thought its factual interviews within personal narratives and memories, evidence, sorrowful music, and stunning historical photographs. However, the film is a great lesson to those people who supported in the war, and they shoul d know better that there is no winning when it comes to war. In fact, this documentary is not about one side or the other. This documentary clearly points out that the war is the really enemy. Hopefully, people will start to heed the lectures of the dead and endeavor to cease war that makes no light injury.

Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on the Healthcare Industry

Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on the Healthcare Industry The global financial crisis threatened to lead to the total breakdown of the global economy. Despite originating from the US subprime market, the global financial crisis affected all sectors of the economy. The sectors affected by the global financial crisis ranged from banking, insurance to tourism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on the Healthcare Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The global financial crisis had an adverse effect on the healthcare industry. The global financial crisis reduced the funding of that the healthcare facilities received from the government. Lack of funding made hospitals suspend their expansion plans. The global financial crisis reduced people’s income. This reduced the ability of people to access quality healthcare. This is because they could not afford quality healthcare, which is expensive. The global financial crisis reduced investm ents in the healthcare industry. Many hospitals delayed their expansion plans during the financial crisis due to lack of funds. Some of the worst affected projects included the expansion of wards and purchase of new diagnostic equipment. The hospitals put on hold projects that would have improved the quality of healthcare. In addition, there was a hiring freeze in most hospitals during the global financial crisis. Therefore, the global financial crisis had a negative effect on the quality of healthcare. During the financial crisis, there was a significant decline in the number of patients of were admitted in various hospitals. This is because the patients did not have enough funds to seek medical treatment. Patients postponed seeking medical treatment for non-fatal ailments or resorted to cheaper healthcare alternatives. This reduced the income of healthcare facilities that focused on treatment of non-fatal ailments. During the financial crisis, most hospitals experienced a sharp hi ke in bad debts. This is because patients could not afford to pay hospital bills despite the fact that they required medical care. Medical facilities have investment portfolios that complement their income. During the global financial income, the financial markets were performing poorly. Therefore, this reduced the income of the healthcare facilities. The government, individuals, and employers are the principal financiers of healthcare. Most countries have various government-funded medical schemes that finance healthcare. Lack of funds during the global financial crisis necessitated the government to introduce budget cuts. Budget cuts had a negative impact on government-funded healthcare schemes. Companies depend on the availability of revenue to finance employee healthcare schemes. The global financial crisis reduced the revenue of most employers. This reduced the ability of employers to fund various healthcare schemes. Individuals also have private healthcare insurance schemes. Ho wever, the global financial crisis led to a significant reduction in the income of various people. This made it difficult for individuals to purchase healthcare insurance policies.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The global financial crisis had a negative effect on the individual health of various people. People postponed seeking healthcare services for non-fatal conditions. People depended on the public healthcare system. This increased the pressure that the public healthcare system faced. This is despite the fact that the global financial crisis reduced the availability of funds to finance various public healthcare schemes. In addition, the global financial crisis reduced the health status of individuals. Home foreclosures and other financial problems had a negative effect on the mental and psychological health of various people. The importance of healthcare in a na tion’s well-being necessitated most governments to limit budget cuts on healthcare provision. Most governments strived to ensure that lack of funds during the financial crisis does not lead to deterioration of the health status of people.

Applied & Theoretical Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applied & Theoretical Research - Essay Example ustrial and commercial technologies, application of research to find out and streamline scientific knowledge to meet specific commercial results with respect to the production, deliverance, sourcing and all the other departments of the industry would refer as applied research. In other fields like health care and medicine applied research would utilize the theoretical knowledge acquired through prior research to design procedures and tools to meet newer challenges in the industry. In other words this kind of research in medical and health industry would direct towards very specific outcomes like the development of new drug, a new therapy methodology or a new surgical procedure. These kinds of experiments can be conducted in animals and other simulative setups to apply and standardize an existing knowledge which is usually a product of theoretical research. Australian Research Council has defined Applied Research as an â€Å"original investigations undertaken in order to acquire newà ‚  knowledge but is directed primarily towards a specific, practical aim or objective† (ARC, 2008). North Western University has defied applied Research as â€Å"research which studies the relationship and/or applicability of theories or principles to the solution of a problem† (NWU, 2008). Theoretical research generally has no relevance with the implications of its findings. It is basically undertaken as a re-inquiry to achieve increased understanding on a proved phenomenon and also on observable facts. This kind of research includes an assumption and the whole effort would be towards either confirmation or rejection of the underlying the assumption made by the research. Observation, description, measurement, experimental manipulations are the tools used by theoretical research in order to formulate and extend knowledge (NJABR, 2005) Theoretical research can be broadly classified as pure theoretical research and oriented strategic basic research. Pure theoretical research is undertaken to

Public policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Public policy - Essay Example It is a tool that is normally used for the creation of policy items and it is through it that governments have been able to develop desired results. The use of this tool involves a process where potential problems with policies are identified by policymakers and attempts are made to ensure that the latter are corrected in such a way that they become more effective. This paper will attempt to show institutional reform as a tool for the institution of policy changes and this will be according to the theory developed by Peter John. Each stage of policy change or development will be followed by an evaluation of examples of the use of this tool in the contemporary world. One of the most significant aspects of the institutional reform is that it helps in the identification of needs that allow for the development of necessary changes to make policies more effective. Identifying needs is a process where policymakers conduct research in society and this is conducted both through research on the field as well as the study of different literature concerning problems or needs that are required in society (Heckathorn and Maser, 1990). The ability to conduct such research is essential in making sure that there is a political priority concerning the best way to handle matters so that they do not end up being too difficult to handle. Identifying needs helps in ensuring whether there has been similar research in the areas that need adjustments to policies and this helps in making it possible for policymakers not to develop policies that might in the end turn out to be irrelevant. Through the use of effective research methods, policymakers have an easier time fo llowing up on previous research in the area of concern and, through the identification of both positive and negative outcomes, make changes to policy decisions that have a greater possibility of being more effective. When finding out the needs that necessitate policy changes,

Frankenstein (Norton Critical Editions) book Essay

Frankenstein (Norton Critical Editions) book - Essay Example Victor has other two siblings particularly brothers: William and Ernest. Due to his obsession with the study of outdated science theories, Victor chooses to enroll in the University of Ingolstadt in Germany (Shelley 19). Weeks before he leaves for school, his mother Caroline succumbs to death after suffering from scarlet fever. This paper will seek to compare and contrast education of young monsters, parallel to the education of Victor and his creation. As the book reveals, Victor underwent formal education unlike the monster, which had to learn on its own. According to the narrator, Victor had pervasive interest in studying outdated science theories specifically those that focused on attaining natural wonders. As a result, he attended the University of Ingolstadt where studied well and excelled in subjects such as chemistry and other sciences. During his time in school, Victor developed a secretive technique that involved imbuing of inanimate bodies especially with life. This shows that Victor attended a formal school with teachers and other students and in a school like environment. Thus, he acquired formal education, which is not the case with the monster (28). As the story unveils, readers are meant to understand that the monster attained education through self-training. Predominantly, it is seeable that when the monster disappeared from the room where Victor created it, it went to seek refuge in thick bushes close to a cottage where the DeLacy family lived and to a surprise, it spent a whole year observing the members of this family. The story points out that the monster leant how to read, became self-aware, and discovered its hideous physical state. In addition, the source explains that, during its stay, the monster discovered a shoulder bag of lost books, which it used to teach itself how to read. It also stood by the pool where it found out that its physical appearance was different from that of humans (37). This entails that the monster’s mode o f education or rather acquiring knowledge was through practice, self-learning, and observation. Victor’s education is parallel to that of his creation in that, they both had quest for knowledge. Consequently, Victor went to a school to receive education while the monster had to educate itself. Victor’s interests First, Victor displays an infatuated possessiveness for Elizabeth. He undergoes a series of mentally related breakdowns but his father restores him by reinstating his former wealth status and his mother fulfils his passion for Elizabeth by lending him her hand in marriage. Apart from his interests for Elizabeth, Victor had an obsessive passion for studying outdated science theories. Victor grew up knowing that je could understand probably explain the things surrounding him if he could study outdated science theories (42). Following this believe, he developed a covert skill in which he could instill inert bodies with life. In other words, he developed a way of c reating creatures and filling them with life. This was yet another of his interests. Victor and Henry’s interests Victor Frankenstein and Henry Clerval were long-time acquaintances. Henry developed intensive interest for care, poems, and sense. When Victor was studying at Ingolstadt University, he spent a while without communicating with his family. Henry chose to relocate to where Victor was in order to take care of Victor. This shows that Victor was passionate about taking care of his friends. On the other end, when Victor brought the

Problems Of Architecture And Design

Problems Of Architecture And Design Software architecture and design is the main phase of software development life cycle. There are various important challenges that are associated with this phase. During our research on evaluating various software architecture design approaches, we identified many issues that are related with existing approaches like software requirements specification, software design methods its architectural styles, software processes and different constraints and associated policies. Present methods fulfills the demand of small and large scale software products but still there are some problems that we need to focus more about. In this paper we highlight these problems through survey method and also present some ideas and methods about their improvement. Key Terms: SDLC (Software development life cycle), UML (Unified modeling language), SDM (Software development methodology), CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) Introduction Architecture is concerned with the selection of architectural elements, their interactions, and the constraints on those elements. Interaction is necessary to provide a framework in which to satisfy the requirements and serve as a basis for the design. As in figure 1, we can see that Architecture={elements,interactions,constraints} Figure 1: Software architecture design as a bridge Design is concerned with the modularization and detailed interfaces of the design elements, their algorithms and procedures, and the data types needed to support the architecture and to satisfy the requirements. Design={elements,algorithms, procedures, datatypes} Figure 2: Outline of architectural design approach The next part of this paper is section II which will describe what software architecture design is all about. Section III of this document will describe the current challenges of software architecture and design. In section IV we will describe our survey research results. Section V will describe our proposed solution by identifying existing problems in software architecture design. Section VI will summarize the main recommendation for future research on software architecture design improvements. Literature Review The design architecture of software system has primary importance in software engineering research. Design is an activity which is engaged by a wide range of stake holders, used throughout of SDLC phases, provides set of key choices for applications architecture. Richard N. Taylor in his research The once and future focus of software engineering shows why design is a principal focus. His direction for design research includes: (a) Various drawing techniques (b) Design of application functionality, style architecture (c) Expand the software design to add different intangible software artifacts. A good architecture ensures that system will satisfy key requirements e.g. reliability, efficiency, quality, performance, scalability, portability, and interoperability. A bad architecture leads towards complex problems e.g. system crash. David Garlan in his research Software Architecture: a Roadmap defines that change in technology raises a number of new challenges for software design architecture. This paper presents some of the important trends challenges of software architecture in research. Architecture contains set of interacted components. Architectural description includes sufficient information to do high-level analysis of system. It plays a role as a bridge between requirements and implementation. Software architecture has important role in six aspects of software development: Understandability, reuse, construction, evolution, analysis management. Design style also plays an important role in real-time software development. For real-time software applications using more sophisticated methodologies is critical to ensure the fulfillment of safety requirements. Manas Saksena in his research Real-Time Software Design State of the Art and Future Challenges presents a high-level overview of real-time software architecture design. His focus is on standard techniques for dealing with the critical issues of concurrency and timeliness along with using automated tools. Different design styles for constructing real-time software principal technological trends currently emerging in the field are described. For large scale software systems development, different security challenges are associated. Bhavani Thuraisingham Kevin W. Hamlen in his paper Challenges and Future Directions of Software Technology: Secure Software Development describes different aspects of secure software development like security policy de ¬Ã‚ nition, formal modeling, developing security architecture and software models, testing veri ¬Ã‚ cation and validation and evaluation. By developing using new software architectures including service oriented architectures and object oriented systems for various computing. This paper describes two security challenges that need to be considered in building evolvable and  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible secure systems: (a) Applying formal methods (b) Secure services modeling of systems. Data-driven design techniques are important mechanisms to manage complexity in systems. Important design ideas should not be ignored. Rebecca J and Wirfs-Brock in Designing in the Future presents their idea that Up-front thinking is rarely wasted effort, especially when tackling complex or novel design problems. Proposed different aspects: Focusing on the Details Thinking and planning add value The Design Value of Well-structured requirements The poorly defined requirements have bad effect on overall design architecture. Designers should design the problems in well-formed manner to bring clarity in design. Sometime by using simple, comprehensive solutions is not suitable. Messy problems leads towards poor design architecture small elements dont always collectively add up values to design abstractions. It needs to use better techniques for understanding and structuring problems as well as design solutions. Challenges of Architecture Design Phase Here we describe some important phases of SDLC in detail along with the existing processes then highlighted some problems related to these processes. 3.1. Requirements Elicitation It is about collecting the requirements of a system from users, customers and other stakeholders. Requirements elicitation processes include interviews, questionnaires, user observation, workshops, brain storming, use cases, role playing and prototyping. Problems: Some of the problems are related to: Defining the system objectives scope Understanding among stakeholders affected by the system development Volatile nature of requirements 3.2. Design Methodologies Structured methods of software design are sets of guidelines. It supports different type of models like: A structural model Data-flow model An object-oriented model An ER model Problems: Some of the issues related to software design are: Reliability Quality Complexity Conformity Changeability Invisibility 3.3. Tools/Technologies Different types of software design tools are available in market for use. Commercial tools are: Rational Rose (IBM) Together Designer (Borland) Rhapsody (I-Logix) Poseidon (Gentleware) Free Tools: UMLet EclipseUML Visual Paradigm Open source Tools: ArgoUML (Tigris) StarUML (Sourceforge) Problems: Some other problems in CASE technologies are: Usability, Complexity. Need creative skills Integrations between teams 3.4. Software Development Process methodologies It contains structured set of activities required to develop a software system. Different software process models are used: Waterfall model Evolutionary model Iterative/Incremental model Spiral model Agile software Development Agile unified process Design driven Development Dynamic systems development method Extreme programming Rational unified process Scrum Test driven development Unified process Problems: Applying the wrong process for software product Use less code by generating code using automated tools 3.5. Design Processes Some important processes related to design are: Design system flow Develop data model Create physical data model Design screens Data entry screens Inquiry screens Help screens Design reports Design Patterns Conduct design walkthrough Screen designs Problems: Some of the problems related to design processes are: Traceability to the requirements. External consistency with the requirements. Internal consistency between components. Appropriateness of design methods and standards used. Detailed designs feasibility. Feasibility of operation and maintenance. 3.6. Design Standards Following standards are common for all type of software projects Identification of tasks, frames, units, and procedures Identification of common modules Identification of the programming language Definition of the control logic for every component Identification of access of database Evaluate operation and performance requirements Problems: Some of problems related to design standards are: Scalability Single standard are applied for both small and large scale projects Standards become very common when every type of project follow them 3.7. Architecture and design Documentation Documentation includes following mandatory documents: For Enterprise Architecture: Physical Design Document System Architecture Document Logical Design Document Infrastructure Component Placement Diagram Infrastructure Pattern Match For Waterfall Approach: Architecture Design System/Subsystem Design Application Architecture and Design Interface Design Database Design Screen/Report Design For Iterative Approach: Design Class Design Model Design Package Software Architecture Document Use-Case Realization Problems: Understandability Changeability Invisibility 3.8. Costs and Risks When we reduce risks on early stages of architecture and design then this will reduce cost on later phases. Resolving risks on later phases are very expensive and very difficult. Problems: From previous studies it is concluded that design for dependability and analysis is risky and costly due to following reasons: Effect of design on analysis and cost is not determined and understandable. During the course of the project whenever requirements change, the design will also change. This condition will make dependability of the system invalid. Top-down method is not good for those systems that are inherited from their previous systems. Survey Report Results We have designed a questionnaire containing questions related to challenges of architecture and design. Research Analysis This analysis is a comparison and research of most challenging activities during architecture and design phase. 4.1. Secure architecture and design According to our research 13 % Architect is using attack trees and threat models for designing a secure architecture. 26% are agreed on misuse cases are utilized during the design process. 40% Architects are using secure software design principles to mitigate potential weaknesses. Similarly 20% is agreed on that existing software is using known, good cryptographic methods/algorithm. Figure 3: Secure architecture and design 4.2. Most challenging task in design process According to our analysis most challenging activity is to create internal consistency within the module of a system in design process. 40% is agreed on this. Then maintenance and feasibility are challenging with the percentage of 26% and 20% respectively. Finally following standards are also difficult task and 13% are agreed on this. Figure 4: Most challenging task in design process 4.3. Critical deficiency in design standard According to our analysis the most critical deficiency in present design standard is flexibility and 40% people are agreed on this. 33% and 26% are agreed on global acceptance and scalability respectively is critical deficiencies. Figure 5: Critical deficiency in design standard 4.4. Challenges related to design documentation According to research in case of multiple stakeholders the most common problem related to documentation is changeability. 33% agreed on this. 26% agreed that understandability and flexibility are problems in documentation and 13% agreed that invisibility is a common deficiency. Figure 6: Challenges related to design documentation 4.5. Design tools technologies According to our analysis 33% projects use commercial tools because of their high reliability and efficiency. 26% and 20% organizations or people use open source tool and free tools respectively. These tools are available and easily accessible. Figure 7: Design tools technologies 4.6. Design methodologies Brainstorming is related to finding out root causes of a problem so 26% people are agreed that this process is most effective for requirement elicitation. 20% agreed on prototyping.10% are agreed on interview and questionnaire because they cover very limited domain of problem. 6% agreed on use cases and workshop because it required skills and cooperation between team members. Figure 8: Design methodologies 4.7. Problems with volatile nature of requirements According to survey 40% people agreed upon that we can reduce volatility by freezing or fixing requirements. 33% agreed that we can reduce this issue by reducing modifications. 26% agreed that we should ignore changes. Figure 9: Problems with volatile nature of requirements 4.8. Best software design method 33% people agreed that best method for software design is iterative method. Then 25%, 20%, 13% and 6% agreed that Agile method, Spiral method, waterfall method and evolutionary method respectively are well suited method. Figure 10: Best software design method V- Proposed Solution 5.1. Secure architecture and design For the purpose of reducing security risks designers should use secure software design principles. Designer should also focus on complex cryptographic techniques. 5.2. Most challenging task in design process Maintaining internal consistency within the module of a system is very difficult task. Designer can reduce this issue by making minimum dependency within the modules. Design whole system in small increments will also help to reduce this problem. In this way requirements will be traceable to their original resources. 5.3. Critical deficiency in design standard Architecture and design standards are most common thing for all type of software system. So flexibility is very challenging characteristic of standards and policies because most adopted standards are very common. If standards are according to system or product design then we can accommodate new changes. 5.4. Challenges related to design documentation Changeability or modifiability is very critical task in the design documentation. Requirements might be change in any stage of design phase. When requirement changes then design will be according to these modified requirements. 5.5. Design tools technologies According to analysis software development organizations should use commercial tools for design and architecture phase. Commercial tools are reliable, efficient and provide good performance. 5.6. Design methodologies Defects in requirement elicitation phase will create problem during design and architecture. We should use brainstorming method because this will reduce causes of problem occurrence. For large projects we should use prototyping. In prototyping an increment is delivered to customers and they will identify problems. 5.7. Problems with volatile nature of requirements Volatile nature of requirement causes problems during architecture and design phase. When we freeze or fix requirements before design and architecture phase then this will reduce problem related to volatility of requirement. 5.8. Best software design method This is a very challenging task to select a best method for development software. The selected method will also effect on the architecture and design phase of software. When we use iterative method then this will reduce problems in later phases because early increments will measure performance of systems design. VI- Conclusion and future work Software architecture and design is the core activity of any development cycle. In this paper we highlight some problems related to this phase. These problems are faced by every type of project. We also suggest some solution for this problem. When we follow these suggestions then we can reduce problems associated with different phases of architecture and design. In future we can implement these suggestions. Secondly there is also a possibility to highlight issue very deeply and related to each activity of architecture and design phases.

Comparing Shakespeares Hamlet and Marlowe of Conrads Heart of Darknes

Comparing Shakespeare's Hamlet and Marlowe of Conrad's Heart of Darkness Prince Hamlet, of Shakespeare's famed tragedy, and Marlowe of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, are similarly situated characters. Despite superficially different settings and plots, there is a remarkably similar thematic element shared between both works. Prince Hamlet and Marlowe are brought to the very brink of insanity by their immersion in worlds gone mad, yet still succeed. At their roots, the similarities of the environments they are immersed in are remarkable. Whether their environment is a â€Å"too too sullied† (1057) Royal Danish court, or the dark madness of a murderous Congolese jungle, the relationship between a sane man’s mind, and a man’s insane world is openly explored. In Hamlet: Prince of Denmark and in Heart of Darkness many similarities exist between the madness that both stories are surrounded in. Despite the obvious differences of the Congo and Copenhagen, both worlds are places where evil abounds and territory where man has brought on that evil. The destructive greed and lust for power that drove Hamlet’s uncle, Cladius, to murder his own brother, have tainted and steeped the Danish court in corruption. In Heart of Darkness, the madness stems from the desire for power in the form of valuable ivory. The power of ivory in Heart of Darkness is not only apparent because it drives â€Å"civilized† men like, Mr. Kurtz to commit his savage acts, but also because how quickly Marlowe becomes aware of its power. Upon Marlowe’s arrival to the Central Station he observes, "The word 'ivory' rang in the air, was whispered, was sighed. You would think they were praying to it.† (1639). In Hamlet and Heart of Darkness, the ultimate. .. ...s when he avenges his father’s murder and restores the upright and dignified nature of the Danish throne (to Fortinbras), and Marlowe succeeds when he retrieves the brutal Kurtz from â€Å"the heart of darkness†. More importantly however, Hamlet and Marlowe within themselves struggle against insanity, the evil that tries to pour into them from their madness-drenched worlds, and both men succeed. Bibliography: Angus, Mitchell. â€Å"New Light on the Heart of Darkness† http://www.britannica.com/magazine/article?content_id=145991. January 9, 2007 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. â€Å"Lecture XII.† Hamlet. Ed. Edward Hubler. New York: Signet Classics, 1987. Conrad, Joseph. â€Å"Heart of Darkness.† An Introduction to Literature. Ed. Barnet, et al. New York: Longman, 2000. Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Hamlet.† An Introduction to Literature. Ed. Barnet, et al. New York: Longman, 2000.

Native American Movement Essay

The Native American movement of the 1960s and 1970s was the result of Native Americans coming together to claim, regain, or reassert rights to lands and to fight for more control over water, economic affairs, and education on native lands. Although the movement was all across the U. S. the most well known event of AIM; or the American Indian Movement was the occupation of Alcatraz island from 1969 through 1971. The first major intertribal association was the national congress of American Indians, or NCAI whose concerns were protection of Indian land rights and improved educational opportunities for Native Americans. Founded in 1944 in response to termination and assimilation policies that the U. S. forced upon the tribal governments in contradiction of their treaty rights and status as sovereigns. They joined the movement after being denied Indian land from the United States government. Many achievements were made; the first, in 1949 when they made charges against federal job bias towards the Indians. Again in 1950, 1952 and in 1954 when they won their fight against legislation that would have allowed the states to civil and criminal jurisdictions over Indians. They dealt with various topics like health care, employment, and safety issues on a nation wide scale. They were very successful in completing there goals and helping the cause. ( http://www. answers.com/topic/national-congress-of-american-indians) The American Indian Movement; or AIM was an American Indian rights group who occupied a number of sites. Founded in 1968, there goals were fostering a sense of unity and solidarity among American Indian and first nation groups in the U. S. and Canada. They joined the movement because in the 1960s, American Indians were the poorest minority group. They achieved many famous site takeovers from the 1970 occupation of a replica of the mayflower to the occupation of Mount Rushmore in 1971. There most famous occupation however was the one of Alcatraz island from 1969 to 1971, it started with just a few, then quickly grew to hundreds. ( http://www. conservapedia. com/American_Indian_Movement_Grand_Governing_Council) The group offered to buy the island from the federal government for $24 in glass beads and red cloth but there offer was denied and after 2 years and a lot hard times, the U. S. government finally removed the group from the island. ( http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/database/article_display. cfm? HHID=387).

Beloved on Slavery

In regards to the novel Beloved Toni Morrison says, â€Å"[The novel] can†t be driven by slavery. It has to be the interior life of some people, a small group of people, and everything that they do is impacted on by the horror of slavery, but they are also people. † Critics argue that the novel is driven by slavery and that the interior life of the protagonists is secondary. This is true because most of the major events in the story relate to some type of slavery. The slavery that drives the novel does not have to be strictly physical slavery. Morrison†s characters are slaves physically and mentally. Although they are former slaves, they are forever trapped by horrible memories. The type of slavery the novel initially depicts does not correspond to what really happened to slaves in the 1800s. At Sweet Home, Mr. and Mrs. Garner treated their slaves like real people. Mr. Garner is proud of his slaves and treats them like men, not animals. . . . they were Sweet Home men — the ones Mr. Garner bragged about while other farmers shook their heads in warning at the phrase. [He said,] â€Å". . . my niggers is men every one of em. Bought em thataway, raised em thataway. Men every one. â€Å"1 The things that occurred at Sweet Home while Mr. Garner is alive are rather conservative compared to what slaves actually suffered during this time period. Under the management of schoolteacher, things change dramatically. He turns Sweet Home into a real slave plantation. He treats and refers to the slaves as animals. He is responsible for the horrible memories embedded in Sethe and Paul D. Sethe feels the impact of slavery to its fullest extent. Slavery pushes her to kill her baby daughter. She feels that is the only way to protect her beloved daughter from the pain and suffering she would endure if she became a slave. The minute she sees schoolteachers hat, Sethe†s first instinct is to protect her children. Knowing that slave catchers will do anything to bring back fugitive slaves and that dead slaves are not worth anything, Sethe took matters into her own hands. On page 164 Sethe says, â€Å"I stopped him. I took and put my babies where they†d be safe. † Paul D asks, â€Å"How? Your boys gone you don†t know where. One girl dead, the other won†t leave the yard. How did it work? â€Å"They ain†t at Sweet Home. Schoolteacher ain†t got em,† replies Sethe. This one incident does not only affect Sethe, but it changes things for Beloved and Denver as well. Beloved loses her life to slavery. Her own mother sacrifices her existence in order to keep her out of slavery. As for Denver, she is indirectly affected by the horrors of slavery. She has to put up with living in a haunted house because her mother refuses to run away again. On page 15 Sethe says, â€Å"I got a tree on my back and a haint in my house, and nothing in between but the daughter I am holding in my arms. No more running — from nothing. I will never run from another thing on this earth. † Sethe becomes a slave again when she realizes who Beloved really is. She feels indebted to Beloved for taking her life. In an effort to gain forgiveness, Sethe decides to focus all her energy on pleasing Beloved. When once or twice Sethe tried to assert herself — be the unquestioned mother whose word was law and who knew what was best — Beloved slammed things, wiped the table clean of plates, threw salt on the floor, broke a windowpane. †¦ Nobody said, You raise your hand to me and I will knock you into the middle of next week. †¦ No, no. They mended the plates, swept the salt, and little by little it dawned on Denver that if Sethe didn†t wake up one morning and pick up a knife, Beloved might. 2 Then there†s Paul D, who replaces his â€Å"red heart† with a tin tobacco box. He refuses to love anything strongly and establish long term relationships because he is still hurting from losing his brothers and friends to schoolteacher. Schoolteacher also takes his pride and manhood away by forcing him to wear a bit. Paul D compares himself to a chicken. On page 72 he says, â€Å"But wasn†t no way I†d ever be Paul D again, living or dead. Schoolteacherchanged me. I was something else and that something else was less than a chicken sitting in the sun on a tub. † As a member of the chain gang he suffers another type of slavery because he is both a prisoner and a sexual servant. Even after he escapes and is a free man, Paul D is still a slave. He is a slave to his memory. Having been through so many horrible events, he has trouble finding happiness again. In her novel, Morrison uses the phrase, â€Å"Freeing yourself was one thing; claiming ownership of that freed self was another. † This applies to each and every one of her characters. Sethe will always be haunted by the memory of killing her own flesh and blood. It will be a long time until Paul D is ready to turn his tin box back into a red heart. While Denver finally ventures out of 124, she is not going to forget being shunned by the community and being held captive by her own house. As for Beloved, she is her own slave. Her constant dependency on Sethe makes her weak. Beloved needs to free herself from Sethe. Though it is hard, she needs to accept what has happened and move on. Beloved is about a group of people and how they deal with life†s hardships. Many issues in the story deal with control. There is a constant struggle for power throughout the novel. Each character fights to free him/herself from something or someone. The major theme in the story is freedom and how to acquire it. The critics are correct in saying that the novel is primarily about slavery, but they should mention that slavery means more than just being an indentured servant.

Kate Chopins The Storm Example

Kate Chopins The Storm Example Kate Chopin's The Storm – Book Report/Review Example of of Affiliation The meaning of the â€Å"The storm† by Kate Chopin The â€Å"The storm† is centred on an illegitimate date between two ex- lovers: Calixta and Alcee. Initially they are compelled to seek shelter on the porch, then in the laundry. Finally, the two are compelled to retreat indoors to the home that Calixta shared wither husband. They were fleeing the ambush of the unbearable storm. How does the author’s life influence the story?The story â€Å"The Storm† is a reflection Chopin’s life. She uses various stylistic devices such as irony and satire to confront the theme of women sexuality and the involvedness of the married state. The story reflects Chopin’s affair with a married man called Albert Sampite. She uses Albert’s personality to construct the character Alcee. Do the characters change?The main characters in the story â€Å"The storm â€Å"include; Alcee and Calixta. The two are both married, however due to loneline ss, they engage in an illicit affair. The author asserts that after the affair the two are relieved off their stress and loneliness. This is an indication that the two characters changed in state. PlotThe plot is a conflict, because it starts by the arrival of Calixta’s old lover at her house, only to be trapped by the storm. A conflict situation is created, when Calixta would have worried about her husband and a son who were outside in the storm, but a cute man strolls into the house to give her the comfort and protection she needed at the time. The act of adultery by the two married people represents a conflict. Further, the author represents the act as normal for individual satisfaction; however, this representation does not reflect the expectations of the audience consequently, enhancing the conflict Quotationâ€Å"..So the storm passed and everyone was happy†This quotation implies that the burden of the loneliness and traditions attributed to marriage was over aft er the illicit affair.Literary TheoryThe author uses the feminist theory to enhance her literary criticism to express her perception on patriarchal authority and sexual fulfilment as evidenced by the main characters: Calixta and Alcee.Question(s) What sort of intimacy exists between Calixta and Alcee? Can anything significant be inferred from the past about it?ReferencesChopin, K. (1974). The storm and other stories: With the awakening. Old Westbury, N.Y: Feminist Press.

Assignment 1 week 3 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment 1 week 3 - Case Study Example Hardware and software requirements will be required to control the upgraded system. The hardware requirements include; Working with new designs comes with scalability issues. The properties of systems should be able to accommodate the changes in the amount of data input. Scalability issues are addressed mainly if the business anticipates expansion. Investing in such a business management system without anticipating growth remains a loss of the investment. The system should grow with the growth of the business. Paying for extra resources without the anticipation of growth should be considered while implementing the system. For the software requirements, the web server implemented should accommodate for valleys and peaks in user traffic (Tan and Nijholt 35). Multi-stage sampling is a method applicable in the case scenario of Personal Inc. The population at the company is too large to perform a simple random sample. In the case information on the required system comes in various stages. At each stage of sampling, different aspects such as user level, department and shift will generate different

5 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

5 questions - Essay Example Additionally, in 1965, Louis Pasteur discovered that silkworm was caused by a protozoan and this added more information on the prior discovery of the 1935. However, there were still limitations as the results were general instead of being particular. Koch’s discovery was so particular in his results that a particular disease is caused by a particular organism. Truly, Koch did not only isolate the causal pathogen, but he also correlated a specific pathogen to a specific disease. Again Koch provided experimental steps and guideline to prove that a bacterium caused anthrax by using a specimen of purified culture of anthrax isolated from dead animals. In the modern era, Koch’s postulates have been used to assert the causation of infectious diseases through pathogenic microorganism culture and with the aid of electronic microscopes. He was awarded a Nobel Peace prize in 1905 for his work on microbiology. 2. In 1884, Hans Christian Gram described a method of staining bacterial cells while not staining surrounding animal tissues; however, he thought the staining method he developed was faulty because not all bacteria stained. In a letter to the editor of the journal in which Gram published his findings, write your response to Grams concern. His discovery was not a faulty one in any way, it just had some limitations. To prove the reality, the stain work in some of the bacteria specimen he used. However, the failure in the other cases opened a new research question, why not in all bacteria? It has been discovered in modern science that there are almost countless bacteria, each possess a different characteristics. Some bacteria secret a chemical substance the reacts with Hans’s stained to blur vision. Now it has been discovered that the chemical mycolic acid. Mycolic acids produced by the bacteria interfere with the dye, deterring the dye to stain. The acid is a species of bacteria