The Impact of Technology on Family Time

Title: the impact of technology on family time Do you think technology has changed the way of communication? Is technology slowly taking over people live and affecting their personal relationship? Have we become addicted to the technology that surrounds us everyday and it has sucked us into it? Technology is a use of scientific knowledge for improving the way to do things. It has been playing an important role in our life. It is common today, many developed countries are using high technology to run their works as well as many advance technologies are invented productively to the need of society.This can be seen, technology has become a part of our life in order to do our works more fast and accurate. As we know, every institution has it own machine which has replaced human physical to produce more output. Technology brings lots of benefits to people unfortunately it also brings negative effect impact to a family. In this essay, I would be discussing about how technology impacts on f amily. Firstly, let’s begin with how advanced technology has meant that family life has changed.This is meaning to say that parents and children have lesser interaction to each other because they used to do spend their time with technology like Laptop, PSP, games on the internet, TV and so on. It is because children no longer spend time playing and engaging in activities with their parents or siblings. For example, when we were young, we did not need any internet games to whereas we had our own game which is traditional games. It can actually build up a positive relationship between parents and children but these traditional games are slowly replaced by the current technology that can bring lots of fun.This example makes it clear that, advanced technology has replaced the traditional games which could create more interaction among family and friends. Unfortunately, children today are likely to play with technology instead of traditional games. â€Å"During the evening, when parents used to sit and talk together or amuse their children, they now sit in front of a computer. It would seem that technology may have helped family life to deteriorate† (Johnston 2010). It is obvious that, the impact of technology could deteriorate a family because they are addicted to the current technology.Secondly, technology is slowly changing the way we communicate with others and affecting our personal relationship. It has left us with the chance to meet people in a much easier ways. Most people, both children and adults spend quite a lot of time in texting friends and relatives, wasting money and using text- speak as a way to communicate. Take Facebook as example, making a friend is now on a finger click, to gain a new friend you simply click on â€Å" add as friend† and the other person accepts or denies you. We are in the next wave of technology, where communicating with parents or friends is all on the internet and instantly done. New social networking si tes are popping up everyday and people are taking advantage of them. You can see their away messages online and see what children are doing at that very instant. † (Gupta 2011) When looking at this example, there is no doubt that it has led us to our hypothesis. If a child is heavy users of social networking sites then it will have a negative impact on their personal relationships. Thus, parents and children seem to spend less time in each other’s company and the time they do spend together often involves playing computer games or watching television.Most children are not getting enough exercise in today’s society, generally because parents can’t be bothered to take their children to the park, while being afraid of letting their children play outside by themselves. For many parents, being able to get in contact with their children by phone isn’t enough. Children will therefore spend most of their time hidden away in their bedroom, watching DVDs or p laying computer games, while their parents sit around the house doing nothing particularly constructive with their time. Technology is supposed to make life easier and give people more free time, but it seems that technology has undermined family life, actually eating into people’s time and affecting family relationships in a negative way. † (Wilkinson 2011) In conclusion, technology brings many benefits to people today, without technology people can’t do work more productively and efficiency. However, it has negative impact to human either. Interaction between family and friends are getting lesser and lesser.Although there are also advantages to having so much technology at your fingertips families may want to weigh up pros and cons to make sure that they achieve an even balance between a quality family lives. In my opinion, I would use technology to go my works but I will not let technology to influence my family and friends’ relationship. 0104896 (Jonat han Kuek SzeGuan) Title: the impact of technology on family time Do you think technology has changed the way of communication? Is technology slowly taking over people live and affecting their personal relationship?Have we become addicted to the technology that surrounds us everyday and it has sucked us into it? Technology is a use of scientific knowledge for improving the way to do things. It has been playing an important role in our life. It is common today, many developed countries are using high technology to run their works as well as many advance technologies are invented productively to the need of society. This can be seen, technology has become a part of our life in order to do our works more fast and accurate. As we know, every institution has it own machine which has replaced human physical to produce more output.Technology brings lots of benefits to people unfortunately it also brings negative effect impact to a family. In this essay, I would be discussing about how techn ology impacts on family. Firstly, let’s begin with how advanced technology has meant that family life has changed. This is meaning to say that parents and children have lesser interaction to each other because they used to do spend their time with technology like Laptop, PSP, games on the internet, TV and so on. It is because children no longer spend time playing and engaging in activities with their parents or siblings.For example, when we were young, we did not need any internet games to whereas we had our own game which is traditional games. It can actually build up a positive relationship between parents and children but these traditional games are slowly replaced by the current technology that can bring lots of fun. This example makes it clear that, advanced technology has replaced the traditional games which could create more interaction among family and friends. Unfortunately, children today are likely to play with technology instead of traditional games. During the ev ening, when parents used to sit and talk together or amuse their children, they now sit in front of a computer. It would seem that technology may have helped family life to deteriorate† (Johnston 2010). It is obvious that, the impact of technology could deteriorate a family because they are addicted to the current technology. Secondly, technology is slowly changing the way we communicate with others and affecting our personal relationship. It has left us with the chance to meet people in a much easier ways.Most people, both children and adults spend quite a lot of time in texting friends and relatives, wasting money and using text- speak as a way to communicate. Take Facebook as example, making a friend is now on a finger click, to gain a new friend you simply click on â€Å" add as friend† and the other person accepts or denies you. We are in the next wave of technology, where communicating with parents or friends is all on the internet and instantly done. â€Å"New s ocial networking sites are popping up everyday and people are taking advantage of them. You can see their away messages online and see what children are doing at that very instant. (Gupta 2011) When looking at this example, there is no doubt that it has led us to our hypothesis. If a child is heavy users of social networking sites then it will have a negative impact on their personal relationships. Thus, parents and children seem to spend less time in each other’s company and the time they do spend together often involves playing computer games or watching television. Most children are not getting enough exercise in today’s society, generally because parents can’t be bothered to take their children to the park, while being afraid of letting their children play outside by themselves.For many parents, being able to get in contact with their children by phone isn’t enough. Children will therefore spend most of their time hidden away in their bedroom, watchin g DVDs or playing computer games, while their parents sit around the house doing nothing particularly constructive with their time. â€Å"Technology is supposed to make life easier and give people more free time, but it seems that technology has undermined family life, actually eating into people’s time and affecting family relationships in a negative way. † (Wilkinson 2011)In conclusion, technology brings many benefits to people today, without technology people can’t do work more productively and efficiency. However, it has negative impact to human either. Interaction between family and friends are getting lesser and lesser. Although there are also advantages to having so much technology at your fingertips families may want to weigh up pros and cons to make sure that they achieve an even balance between a quality family lives. In my opinion, I would use technology to go my works but I will not let technology to influence my family and friends’ relationsh ip.

Business Studeis Market Analysis

Business Studies- Market Analysis Homework â€Å"Thorough market analysis is essential for a company like Samsung in order to achieve its market objectives. † Discuss (18marks) Market analysis – The process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information about a market, about a product or service to be offered for sale in that market, and about the past – present and potential customers for the product or service; research into the characteristics, spending habits, location and needs of your business's target market, the industry as a whole, and the particular competitors the business may face.One reason why market analysis is essential for a company like Samsung to achieve its marketing objectives, is that market analysis acts as a sales booster, as it builds direct relations with consumers – therefore knowing their demands, by Samsung knowing what the customers want and need they are able to optimise their profit, which may be a marketing objective, if quality market analysis were to be taken out by Samsung then specific products could be put on the market, such as their new Smart Tv’s or their Galaxy S3 smartphone, from these products it is clear Samsung take great care in their customer’s needs via creating slightly niche products, helping them to gain the competitive advantage over rival companies such as pioneer, LG, or Apple in the telecommunications industry.In doing so Samsung would build a customer base, and if sales were to increase more intensive research could be carried out as to ascertain more ideas from customers for future products. Furthermore it is essential that Samsung meet their customer’s demands, this is so that the company can become more efficient, by doing so, waste can be eradicated and inadequacy also. Therefore costs can be lowered within Samsung, increasing the amount of profit that can be made, with the eradication of waste this also lowers marketing costs, as the amount of pr oducts needed to be marketed is lowered. Here it is therefore evident market analysis is essential as this allows Samsung to save money, optimising their profit margins.The success of the company in the case of meeting customer needs and becoming more efficient, relies mainly on that of market analysis which contributes to objectives in these areas being met. In addition, on the other hand market analysis is not always essential when achieving market objectives, this is clear as, in the case of Samsung their market and competitors are rapidly changing frequently, so therefore market analysis would be pointless and time would be wasted, time = money, thus meaning money would be lost on research which wouldn’t be useful in the long term for Samsung but merely the short term. This would therefore make it hard for Samsung to achieve its objectives.Samsung’s market is constantly changing and the demand for new products is constant. Not only is the market rapidly changing bu t competitors also – as stated, for example Samsung’s competitors mimic and undercut Samsung’s promotional offers and match their prices, thus meaning market analysis would not be the best option for them in achieving objectives, this would not allow Samsung to gain the best possible competitive advantage over competitors, but simply aid competitors in gaining the competitive advantage over themselves, the best way for Samsung to complete a market objective associated with profit would be to copy the actions of competitors and also use penetrative pricing to undercut them.Another reason why market analysis may not necessarily be the most effective way in achieving marketing objectives is that when retrieving research the retrieval of secondary research proves to be costly, although cheap it is often useless, and out of date, and in the case of Samsung’s rapidly changing market then the use of secondary data would certainly not be an option for considerati on, this therefore results in Samsung basing their research solely on Primary research via that of customer feedback or questionnaires, which is the most costly of the two, however proves most effective when put into action and contributing to marketing objectives. In conclusion, in the short term I believe it is best for Samsung to use market analysis to its full potential to gain the competitive advantage needed, although costly it may pay off in the long run, however in the long run I believe that it will become costly though, as market research would need to be carried out on frequent occasions in this case of Samsung and therefore would prove too costly for the company, and this money spent could be used elsewhere perhaps on the production of more products.

The impact of advice and guidance on student retention at college of Essay

The impact of advice and guidance on student retention at college of further education - Essay Example In other words, we could say that education is what makes a person. For the past thirty years or so, researchers have been showing a keen interest in relatively two specific areas which are correlated to both schools and colleges. One area is school effectiveness and the other is school improvement. This study is going to investigate some of the key points relating to student retention and how guidance and advice can make a huge difference in children making the right choices where their education id concerned. The study is also going to examine the key factors that are responsible for colleges to be effective. It is also going to focus on those areas that deal with how these colleges make use of necessary tools in order that it becomes more effective. Besides these two important notions, most educators and researchers are of the opinion that education does make a huge difference in the life of the student. The research is going to examine those departments within a college in order to seek out and know how some colleges are much better than the rest, what makes them better and how the staff and heads of department develop and implement measures to enhance student’s performance and maintain a very good track record for conduct as well as learning outcomes. Different researchers place their emphasis slightly differently but the following list of factors drawn from Reynolds et al (1997) and Mortimore (1998) seems to be reasonably accepted – Therefore the following areas would be examined in this study – The literature review is going to examine some of the important facets that are necessary to mitigate Student Retention in colleges. It is also going to highlight different ways and means that could help students to make the right choices where their education is concerned. When referring to some of the demographic factors it is said that ‘In Britain, withdrawn students do not have a markedly different profile from completing

Is the constant vulnerability and pressure on the U.S. dollar a Dissertation

Is the constant vulnerability and pressure on the U.S. dollar a serious threat to American hegemony and unipolarity as a whole - Dissertation Example For example, in 1995 it was estimated that approximately fifty nine percent (59%) of the total global currency reserve was made up of US dollar (Global currency reserve 2013). In 1998, the US dollar constituted approximately sixty nine percent (69%) of the total global currency reserve, and in 1999 it constituted of approximately seventy one percent (71%) of the total global currency reserve. Global currency reserve (2013) further indicated that in the third quarter of 2012, the US dollar was estimated to constitute an approximate of 62 percent of the global currency reserve. The composition of the other competing currencies such as Euro, Japanese Yuan and Starling Pound are still insignificant when compared to that of the United States dollar (Global currency reserve 2013). For example, the second most commonly used international currency, the Euro, was estimated to constitute 24 percent of the total global currency reserve in the third quarter of 2012 (Global currency reserve 2013) . It has been argued by some economists such as Kirshnars (2012) that this constant fall of value and fluctuations of the United States of America dollar in global market has a serious threat to American hegemony and unipolarity as a whole. ... value of US dollar would deprive United States of America of enjoying the benefits of economic dominance such as ability to finance its trade related deficits. Other than Kirshnars, Clerk is another author who supported the opinion that United States of America will lose its economic and political hegemony as whole due to the current pressures and threats. Goldberg (2010) is another economist who suppported the above mentioned argument. Goldberg (2010) explained that the current pressure would affect international trade and economy of the United States of America as a whole. Even though the Kirshnars, Goldberg and Clerk tried to relate the strength of US dollar with the economic and political dominance of United States of America, the authors failed to explain how the United States rose to this dominance and factors that contributed towards this dominance. Also, the authors failed to explain why economic and political influences of some nations such as China are on the rapid rise reg ardless of the fact that their currencies remain insignificant in terms of global currency reserve. Due to the above mentioned weakness, my opinion as well as argument is contrary to those of Kirshnar, Clerk and Goldberg, and contrary to the argument that the constant vulnerability and pressure on the U.S. dollar may cause a serious threat to American hegemony and unipolarity as a whole. In this regard I am of the view that due to the strength and experience of the United States economy, it will not lose its hegemony as a whole but other contenders may arise such as China and emerging markets. This paper, therefore, aims at supporting the view that due to the strength and experience of the United States economy, it will not lose its hegemony as a whole but other contenders may arise such as

HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HRM - Essay Example Berger & Berger (2003) suggest three ways to drive an organisation's success. The first strategy is to identify, select and cultivate the best talents; the second is to cultivate 'backups' for highly qualified people, so that in the event of the most qualified leaving the organisation the organisation does not suffer and finally "allocate resources to employees based on actual and/or potential contribution to organizational excellence". There are a number of issues that going to be a challenge for the corporate managers to manage talent within their organisations. The strategies, policies and practices of the corporate management have to be overhauled in light of increasing global labour force, virtual workplaces, race, culture and age of the employees. In addition to this the proliferation of the internet could give access for those who seek job opportunities elsewhere (CIPD 2006). Retaining talent will be the key agenda for any corporate and to achieve this lot of companies have to be revamped. Revamping may not be that easy considering the existing work ethics that have been in place.

The difference between Realism and Neorealism Essay

The difference between Realism and Neorealism - Essay Example The neorealism ideology is an advanced link to the classic realism and this has been duly highlighted within the length of this paper. This will give an idea on how realism and neorealism are understood within a global context and how their differences have facilitated the political settings in this day and age. It will tackle the debate regarding how realism has shaped up the neorealism nuances and how neorealism differs from classic realism from the outset of such analyses. Introduction Realists are frequently faced with the consequence of being intellectually smart with Thucydides’ classic saga of the Peloponnesian War which occurred in the fifth century BC. It would date back to about 2500 years when the study of world politics started to take place as an institutionalized field of academics as well as for the initial classical realists to come about within this newly inaugurated discipline. It is important to focus on the classical form of realism as compared to neorealis m which is a necessary element of the mainstream literature available today. Even though realism is different from neorealism, it would be significant to understand which of the two is an advanced form of the other one? (Waltz, 1979). Since realism is involved with the world as it essentially is as compared to how it should be, neorealism is more commonly associated with international politics as a whole. The two forms in effect suggest the distinction towards human nature (classic realism) and emphasis on international politics (neorealism). This paper highlights the two forms have their marked differences and weighs the pros and cons that come along with the same (Keohane, 1986). When this has been done, the study will find out which one is an advanced form of the other, and how the two can co-exist alongside one another to achieve a solid basis for the people who believe in such ideologies and have a comprehension regarding these from time to time. In the following paragraphs, bo th realism and neorealism will be explained in detail and then their differences will be highlighted upon (Wendt, 1999). Focus on Realism In order to understand what realism is, it is necessary to know what it stands for. Realism is related to some form of reality in every form of context that one studies it. When one sees realism from the domains of philosophy, it is a documentation of philosophical realism which suggests for the perspective of reality existing in freedom of some observers. Similarly, realism in arts and scientific realism is a couple of other distinctive realism’s basis which takes place in separate disciplines. It is indeed a philosophy of mind which is deeply rooted within the common sense philosophy related with perception and at times is remarked as naive realism (Mutch, 2009). This naive realism has been a manifestation of direct realism which when differentiated from representative realism gives out a perspective that human beings cannot perceive and analyze the external world in a direct fashion. Realism at times is pessimistic and concentrates upon the repeating patterns of politics backed up by power as demonstrated by recurring conflicts and rifts, the tussles and rivalries. Since this seems like a world full of negativity and immense gloom, realism is a concept that is linked in close resemblance with the balance of power as well as the security question which essentially gain essence as the chief analytical tools within the aegis of realism (Crawford, 2002). Realists give enough importance on the premise of the state within the discussions that emanate from the domains of international politics. Also they believe that the national interest gains more impressions. This is their regional ego

Intangible Heritage. Why is the idea of 'intangible heritage' so Essay

Intangible Heritage. Why is the idea of 'intangible heritage' so important - Essay Example Initially, cultural heritage only comprised materialistic artefacts, tangible heritage sites and relic objects that hold religious or cultural significance for certain localities. However, subsequently the definition broadened to include intangible events, rituals and practices that reflected ancient traditions and revived the spirits of sacred beliefs.1 This can include anthems, heroic stories, oral arts, rituals, celebrations and skillful tactics that all relate back to historical traditions inherited from ancestral generations. Various authors have conducted comprehensive studies about national heritage practices and historical artefacts. Most of them have varying opinions regarding the preservation of ancient rituals and some claim that it requires significant level of professionalism and expertise to safeguard or revive the fading cultural heritage as any alteration to originality and spirit of it might enrage societies that pay high regard to such customs.2 Intangible heritage plays a significant part in preserving cultural fortitude in today’s modern world of technology. This phenomenon assists the newer generations to develop an understanding of intercultural differences, familial histories and need for paying homage to all types of ethnicities. Such heritage is also valuable as it enables a society to roll over acquired technical expertise and learnt knowledge to upcoming generations.3 Thus, it is evident that each cultural heritage event has its own significance and needs to be preserved for subsequent generations. This paper focuses on following intangible heritage objects and discusses their respective cultural significance. Music / Performing Arts a) The arts of the Meddah, public storytellers, Turkey This ritual originated from Turkish theatrical event namely Meddahlik, called after meddah who was the storyteller performing this act. It was initially conducted in Turkish language and later was supported in many other languages as it gained popularity in other regions of Asia, including the Middle East and Caucasus. The theme and content of this act was wholly arranged by the meddah who handpicked various legendary songs and historical fables, varying according to the nature and size of audience and context of the event. He would carry out various short entertaining acts, funny parodies and satirical comedy stunts, all influenced by recent political events and tailored according to interests of spectators. This heritage was highly educational and provided a platform for different performers to demonstrate their talents. Turkish people always held high regards for this artistic masterpiece of work as they find it very amusing and creative. The event itself was one of the most anticipated events by the Turkish ancestors as there was no other form of entertainment back then. It was a significant event as it enabled people to meet and socialize with other citizens in nearby localities. Moreover, the rhetorical comedy relat ed to latest series of events happening around the nation was helpful in developing a sense of skepticism towards credibility of political leaders and national government bodies. Overall, the event was a true source of education, entertainment and face-to-face social networking for thousands of people under a single roof. However, in recent years, the pure form of meddah storyteller ritual has faded away and been replaced largely by mass media including television broadcasting, standup comedy shows and movie cinemas. b) The polyphonic singing of the Aka Pygmies, Central Africa The

Challenging Current Boundaries & Perceptions of Emergency Care Essay

Challenging Current Boundaries & Perceptions of Emergency Care - Essay Example The researcher of this proofreading analyzes the article, that discusses on the implications that shift work, particularly night work, has on nursing and the well being of individuals as well as patient care. It gives practical advice about how to cope with night shifts and also gives suggestions on the ways of improving health and well being. All of these could be examined and proven as to how it could be implemented in an emergency care setting. However, they do not detail the ways to cope with the turnaround from nights to days, the legal requirements in relation to the above, the health and safety issues associated with shift work and with nurse’s health. In addition, it is stated that patients safety has been poorly explored. They have also failed to investigate the effectiveness of set shift patterns whether they are permanent night staff or set pattern of rotation. While the article title could mislead one to believe that it deals with both night and day shifts, the art icle, however, is centred on night shift work only. Shift work is defined as a period of work performed outside the normal spread of working hours, particularly in a factory or business that operates on a 24 hour basis. Nurses, in general, are expected to work a period of night duty and be able to demonstrate an understanding of patient experiences of health care 24hours a day and seven days a week, but there is contradiction with this, that was analyzed in Challenging Current Boundaries & Perceptions of Emergency Care paper in detail.

Humpback Whales Essay Example for Free

Humpback Whales Essay General Description: A. Body Symmetry: Bilateral B. Special Pigments or Coloration: Dark grey with lighter underbelly; flippers and flukes are grey and spotted with white C. Habitat: (Zone) Benthic and coastal (Geographic): From Alaska to the Caribbean D. Specific Characteristics: 1) Reproduction: Polygamous; Seasonal breeding 2) Feeding Techniques: Filter feeders; Bubble netting, Ring of foam, Lunging. 3) Defense Techniques: Humpbacks have few predators other than humans, and don’t have any defensive techniques. Some of the largest animals on Earth are the gentlest. The humpback whale is a stellar example of gentle, with its diet, behavior, and complete lack of natural predators. Whales as a species are typically depicted as large animals, understandable with the smallest member of the species, the dwarf sperm whale, measuring on average 9 feet and weighing in at around 400 pounds. The humpback, however, is one of the largest whales, coming in just behind the finback and blue whales. Humpbacks are anywhere from 48 to 63 feet long and weigh an average of 40 tons. They’re recognizable by their large, dark grey bodies with a â€Å"hump† shaped dorsal fin and unusually long white pectoral fins. The humpback’s genus name, Magaptera Novaengliae, means â€Å"big-winged, New Englander† because the largest colony of whales was along the northeast coast of the United States in the Atlantic. But humpback whales are also found vastly between California and Russia. They are migratory marine mammals, and often spend their summers in high latitude areas such as the Gulfs of Maine or Alaska, and then swim south to breed in the subtropical waters in the Dominican Republic and Hawaiian Islands. The humpback actually holds the record for farthest migration of any mammal. The longest recorded migration was 5,160 miles from Costa Rica to Antarctica by a pod of 7 whales. The big-winged New Englander’s diet consists of mostly small organisms even though they are such large animals. Humpbacks belong to the branch of whales known as Mysticeti or baleen whales. Baleen whales do not have teeth, they have baleen which are teeth-like bristles that help the whale to filter small fish and crustaceans from the water for the whale to eat. Baleen whales like the humpback live on a diet of small fish, salmon, herring, krill, and other crustaceans. To compensate for its size, a humpback whale must intake about 3000 pounds of food per day. Humpbacks are very social creatures that travel in pods, and in order to get this much food for the entire pod, they hunt as a group. They don’t hunt like toothed whales, but viciously attacking their prey, but they will lunge at their prey when the confused organisms are trapped in a giant bubble net. Bubble netting is when a pod of whales swim around a school of fish and exhale through their blowholes, producing bubbles, and scaring their prey into a small ball by slapping their flippers and creating loud vocal sounds. Speaking of humpbacks being very social animals, they are also highly recognized by their impressive aerial displays across the surface of the water in spite of their immense weight. Breaching is a popular and well-known trick of all whales. It is when a whale la unches themselves above the water, often twisting in midair, and splashing back down on their sides. Scientists aren’t exactly sure why, but it is speculated that it could be an alternative method of communication as well as an alternative to spyhopping. Spyhopping is when a whale swims vertically to the surface and exposes only as much of their head so as to have their eyes above water in order to check their surroundings. This could very well be why tourist ships get so many photos of whales breaching. Other whale behaviors include slapping the water with its overtly large pectoral fins and belly-flipping. Belly-flipping is simply when a whale lies on its back in the water and slaps the water with one flipper at a time. These behaviors have been seen during courtship and feeding. Humpback whales are polygamous animals, with the males competing for aggressively for oestrous females. Breeding takes place in the winter and in tropical waters. The gestation period for humpbacks is 11 to 12 months, but the mother only gives birth to one calf at a time. The calf will stay by its mother’s side for 2 to 3 years, and reach sexual maturity at around 4 to 5 years old. Females typically produce offspring every 2 years but can birth 2 calves in 3 years. Since the whales are mammals, the female gives birth to a live calf and then breastfeeds for about 5 months. Humpbacks are not territorial, but calves are also to be protected at all costs. Therefore, it makes sense that these gentle giants are only ever not so gentle when competing for a mate, and when they believe an outside whale poses a threat to the pod’s calves’ safety. In the pod, â€Å"Escort† whales may swim with a calf and its mother. The Escort whale, (most are male), may blow bubbles to create a ‘screen’ when outside humpbacks get too close. They also show aggression on occasion when boats and ships get too close. Such aggressive behavior may include body thrashing, horizontal tail-lashing, and lobtailing. Lobtailing is basically tail slapping, which can do a lot of damage considering the strength in the humpback’s large white and grey flukes. Generally speaking, pods are more aggressive than individual whales. Humpback’s are perhaps most well-known for their hauntingly beautiful and mysterious whale songs. They are the only whales that do so, and scientists have yet to decipher what they mean. However, we are aware that their melodic whalesong are obviously means of communicating to fellow whales. The songs can last for over 20 minutes and continue for more than 24 hours per session. Male humpbacks have also been known to sing in order to attract mates. For a scary century, humpback whales were high on the endangered species list. It is only recently that these graceful and gentle giants have accumulated once again to a healthy population of at least 80,000 whales. Economically, humpbacks are wonderful tourist attractions for the coastal states as they’re the favorites of whale watchers. It is better that money is made from watching them than money being made for their meat, baleen, skin, and oil, as well as their very existence.

Louis and Crusade Essay Example for Free

Louis and Crusade Essay Manuel saw the crusade as an inconvenience as it prevented him from his plans to attack Sicily, this resulted in him giving the crusade little acknowledgement. Another factor was that the Byzantium emperor had an understanding with the Turks as well as an alliance with the Sultan of Rum. All this would be under threat if he was to help the crusade so it made more sense to give the franks directions rather than supplies as this would anger the turks and could possibly start a war. Also, during the first crusade Baldwin and Bohemond refused to restore territory to the Byzantine emperor so this removed any interest he may have had in aiding the crusade. The pillaging Greek towns led to Manuel refusing to provide supplies top aid his troops alone. This then led to Christians fighting amongst each other which then led to a weaker overall Crusader force, which resulted in the crusade lacking man power and strength. The fact that 90% of troops were wiped out at Dorylaeum certainly had an impact on the failure of the crusade as this reduced the amount of troops on the crusade significantly. This was due to the lack of aid and ships from the Byzantine Emperor Manuel, which then led to more troops having to travel by foot. As a result of this many troops were lost to disease as well as being sabotaged by the Turks. Overall the lack of aid from the Byzantine emperor resulted in loss of troops which then led to lack of man power on the crusade . If the Byzantium’s would have sent help and aid to the crusade, it would have meant many more troops would have survived making the crusader stronger and making them a much more powerful force. Furthermore, the strong muslim unity was also to blame partially for the crusader failure. A reason for this was that the promotion of Jihad by Zengi and Nurreddin gave Muslims the power needed for them to strive and determined to takeover the states the Franks. Another reason for the failure was that the leaders lacked the dedication they had for the first crusade, this then resulted in the troops also lacking enthusiasm meaning the manpower was at a significantly low level during the second crusade. Also, ‘crusade’ meant a variety of different things to different religious groups. One thing they all had in common was they all desired a spiritual reward in return for their service, not to save the East. This meant the crusaders had the wrong frame of mind to begin. This effected on the impact of the troops and the progress of the crusade as it lacked the desire to complete the crusade. Divisions in the East meant that Louis lost support of Raymond of Tripoli and Jocelyn as these remained in the North. This effected to supplies and aid that these leaders could have supplied. As well as aid they could have supplied troops which would have made the crusade much stronger as a whole. Finally, the attack on Damascus played potentially a big part in the failure as it produced more divisions. This was due to the fact it was a politically neutral area. It was also allied to Jerusalem. The attack resulted in the Muslims uniting further making the made it more difficult for the crusade to be complete as Nuredin barred the gates after the appeal from Damascus. This decision resulted in the crusade becoming a weaker force as the Muslim forces were becoming more united and stronger resulting in them having more man power. The final reasons for the failure of the crusade were the mistakes made by Louis VII and how they effected the overall progression of the crusade. Firstly, Louis had an unclear focus of going on the crusade. He was reluctant to embark at fist which meant he didn’t have much belief in the outcomes himself. He went to seek repentance for the massacre he had committed at Vitry, so just like most of the crusaders he was not focused on saving the East he was looking for a spiritual reward. He also failed to swear fealty to Manuel after attacking the Greeks. This resulted in the Byzantium’s refusing to send aid to Louis after he had asked. The little help from the Byzantium’s meant that the crusade lacked the aid and support they needed to keep a large amount of their soldiers alive. This resulted in high death rates, decreasing number of troops and lack of man power. Overall Louis lacked the qualities of a leader he had poor organisation and preparation skills as well as the lack of decision making. When he decided to travel to Antioch by sea he didn’t have the supplies to do this effectively. This meant he lost a large number of troops before even getting to the location. His poor decision making resulted in division of his own army as no one could decide on group decisions etc. This meant that the troops were not working as a team so the frame of mind was not there for them to succeed and complete the crusade. His personal life also had an effect on the crusade. He was more interested in his personal dislikes and relationship than those of the affair. This meant his decisions weren’t based on what was best for the success of the crusade but what was best for him and his personal aspects of his own life. This shows he did not prioritise the crusade so he lacked the enthusiasm that would have rubbed off onto his troops. Finally, when he attacked Damascus he lost the only Muslim ally of the Crusader states. This meant he lost out on supplies and aid the city would have provided as well as uniting the Muslim states even more. In conclusion, all three points had some sort of effect on the failure of the 2nd crusade but the most important was certainly Louis VII lack of leadership and enthusiasm to the crusade. If he would have planned the route and prioritised the crusade he would have gained the help from the Byzantines. He made many wrong decisions that affected the failure because if he hadn’t of attacked Damascus he wouldn’t have lost the only Muslim ally to the Crusader states. His lack of enthusiasm meant the crusade didn’t have a specific motive or aim which meant that the crusaders were not as interested or dedicated to completing the crusade. His lack of organisation resulted in stronger forces of the muslims which resulted with his force being much weaker than those he was crusading against. If a dedicated leader would have led the 2nd crusade it would have been a much greater success as it would have been planned and organised.

Benefits of Flexible Working Hours

Benefits of Flexible Working Hours 6. Literature Review 6.1 Definitions Janssen and Nachreiner (2004) defined Flexible Working Hours as involving a continuous choice on behalf of employers, employees or both, regarding the amount (chronometry) and the temporal distribution (chronology) or working hours. â€Å"Arrangements that allow employees to have a more variable schedule as opposed to complying with the standard 8-hour workday† (Janssen and Nachreiner, 2004) According to the definition of Handbook on Alternative Work Schedules, Flexible hours are referred to as the times during the workday, workweek, or pay period within the tour of duty during which an employee covered by a flexible work schedule may choose to vary his or her times of arrival to and departure from the work site consistent with the duties and requirements of the position. Flexible working hours is also defined as a system of attendance whereby individual employees select their starting and finishing times from day to day, subject to the concurrence of the work unit in which they work and to specified conditions. A system in which employees can start or stop work at different hours of the morning or evening provided that they work a certain number of hours per day or week (http://www.hrdictionary.com/definition/flexible-working-hours.html). According to the definition of Technical staff, Southern Cross University, flexible working hours are work schedule in which employees can use their own discretion as to the time on the job as long as they complete the specified number of hours within a work period that is, one month, one week, or one day (Barker, 1999). It is a system of working a set number of hours with the starting and finishing times chosen within agreed limits by the employee (www.oxfordreference.com) Christensen and Staines (1990) defined this as an arrangement provides employees with some limited discretion as to the starting and stopping times for their work day, while requiring a standard number of hours to be worked within a given time period. Flexible working hours refers to the practice by employers of allowing employees to vary their attendance pattern. Variation is usually in terms of start and finish times, as well as hours per day. Flexible working hours are often referred to as flexi time. Employees working flexible hours are able to use flexi time credit to take time off without reducing other leave credits. Flexible working hours are usually subject to a number of operating rules (Transport strategy, Adecision makers guide book). ‘Flexible working hours are also defined as working time arrangements allowing a continuous choice regarding the duration and the temporal distribution of working time for both the employee and the employer (http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2006/05/DE0605NU4.htm). A simple deviation from the standard working time is not seen as sufficient for a distinction. The definition intends to exclude shorter but regular working time arrangements such as part-time work or deviating but regular working hours such as shift work (http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2006/05/DE0605NU04.htm). 6.2 Why flexible working hours are implemented? Flexible working conditions are becoming increasingly common within modern economies, and in many countries legislation has been introduced enabling certain groups of employees to request flexible working. For example, Scandinavian countries in particular grant extensive flexible working rights, such as parental leave, flexitime and other family friendly provisions to employees (Brandth, 2001). Flexible working arrangements are increasingly offered by organizations in order to remain competitive through the recruitment and retention of top performing employees. These arrangements aim to be a win/win situation for the organization, by way of increased productivity and loyalty, and for the employee through work life benefits. The introduction of flexible working allows employees to have greater control over their work life balance, and can act as an important tool in the organizations recruitment and retention process. Flexible working is one device that employers can use to attract a more diverse workforce, allowing them to compete in the war for talent( Management Brief Report). Some forms of flexible working schedules such as part-time work, compressed work weeks, annualized hours, and flexitime have a long history and have traditionally been introduced largely to meet employer needs for flexibility or to keep costs down, though they may also have met employee needs and demands (Dalton Mesch, 1990).These and other flexible arrangements are also introduced ostensibly to meet employee needs for flexibility to integrate work and family demands under the banner of so-called family-friendly employment policies (Harker, 1996; Lewis Cooper, 1995). Often a business case argument has been used to support the adoption of flexible work arrangements; that is, a focus on the cost benefits (Barnett Hall, 2001). Other contemporary drivers of change include increased emphasis on high-trust working practices and the thrust toward gender equity and greater opportunities for working at home because of new technology (Evans 2000). Nevertheless, despite much rhetoric about t he importance of challenging outmoded forms of work and the gradual association of flexible working arrangements with leading-edge employment practice (Friedman Greenhaus, 2000), the implementation of these policies remains patchy across organizations (Glass Estes, 1997). Since 2003 the right to request flexible working conditions has been granted to all UK employees with children aged less than six years or to those with caring responsibilities (BERR 2008). This right has recently been extended to employees with children aged up to 16 years (BERR, 2009). Many of these legislative changes have been explicitly or implicitly underpinned by the assumption that flexible working will have positive effects on employee adaptability, performance (Artazcoz 2005), work-life balance and health (MacEachen 2008). In a number of low and middle-income countries flexible working hours is a relatively new concept which tends to be restricted to large multi-national companies. Paul Ashton, mobility solutions support manager at Logsys, discusses the work anywhere, anytime, on any device implications of flexible working. Following the introduction of new UK legislation in April 2003 with regards to offering employees with young or disabled children flexible working options, there have been massive developments in the way in which organisations operate. Two years on, the ideas behind flexible working are still being discussed, experimented with and tentatively accepted throughout the UK. At the forefront of this movement is the objective of providing employees with a suitable work/life balance and key to its success is supporting this through achieving more profitable business practices. Flexible working is all about working in real time. It is about mobilizing work forces and giving individuals the freedom and ability to work any time, anywhere, using any device. It is about enterprise-wide access to information, applications and data and the ability to util ize these items as and when they are needed. For employees it means home working abilities and potentially improved work/life balance. It should also mean easier working, more effective methods and processes, and the ability to work smarter to achieve more. For employers it means maximizing efficiency to achieve more through the same resources. It means improved employee retention and improved services for customers- which in turn means increased competitiveness and greater profitability. 6.3 Kinds of flexible hour work practice Flexible work arrangements can take on a variety of characteristics, ranging from staggered working hours to remote, off-site work areas. Within the Flexible work arrangements themselves, employers often provide additional flexibility (e.g., selecting the time of day when staggered working hours begin) and/or offer various options for Flexible work arrangements in order to provide even greater flexibility to their workforces (www.clc.executiveboard.com). Compressed working weeks â€Å"Any system of fixed working hours more than 8 hours in length which results in a work week of less than 5 full days of work a week† (Tepas,1985). This standard definition includes the most obvious examples with 9, 10 or12 hours a day, and a normal full-time working week of 36 to 42 hours. Twelve-hour shifts are particularly controversial. In recent years, as Hoekstra, Jansen Van Goudoever (1994) report for the Netherlands, â€Å"there has been increasing variety in working patterns. The compressed working week is one of the many possible arrangements for working hours. This increasing variety can be attributed to the desire for greater flexibility in working hours. Tepas (1985) have listed the potential advantages of the compressed workweek as follows: Increased possibility for multi-day off-the-job leisure and care activity A reduction in commuting problems and costs Fewer workdays with no loss of pay A regular, steady workweek Ease in covering all jobs at the required times More time for scheduling meetings or training sessions Increased opportunity for communication within the organization Increased opportunity for communication with other organizations Decrease in start-up and/or warm-up expenses Fewer supervisory personnel may be needed More efficient stock flow for assembly-line operations Less night work Increased production rates Improvement in the quantity or quality of services to the public Better opportunities to hire skilled workers in tight labour markets Flexi time Ronen (1981) described Flextime (also called flexible working hours) as a type of flexible work arrangement that allows employees to vary their work schedules, within certain ranges and dimensions, according to their differing needs (). Unlike other flexible work arrangements, flextime focuses exclusively on the work schedule and does not alter the location of work or the total number of hours worked. Although there is no truly standard work schedule, the traditional workday is defined as a forty-hour week, from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday (Catalyst, 1997). Flextime allows employees to break from the standard work schedule by starting the work day early and ending early, starting late and ending late, or taking breaks during the day and making up the time at the beginning or end of the day. Some flextime options allow employees to work extra hours on one day to make up for shortened hours on another day. Golembiewski and Proehl, (1978) and Christensen and Staines (1990) have been identified several key dimensions of flextime, such as core hours (the daily hours during which employees must be at work), bandwidth (the earliest and latest starting and stopping times to which employees can adjust their schedules) and schedule flexibility, which is the ability to change starting and stopping times from day to day and week to week without prior approval from supervisors. A study by Hill, Hawkins, Ferris and Weitzman (2001) found that perceived flexibility in the timing and location of work was positively related to work-family balance, and that the greater the extent of such flexibility, the more the employees were able to work a greater number of hours without harming their work-family balance. Another study found a direct effect of flextime on work-family conflict (Shinn, Wong, Simko, Ortiz-Torres, 1989). Several studies have found that flextime is related to outcomes indicative of work-family conflict. For example, Ralston (1989) found that employees were better able to juggle work and family demands after flextime was implemented and Bohen Viveros-Long (1981) found that flextime reduced stress among parents. Thomas Ganster (1995) found that flextime was directly related to perceived control over work and family, and it was indirectly related to work-family conflict. Annual-hours contracts annual-hours contracts are contracts of employment where the total hours to be worked in a twelve-month period are specified, rather than the weekly hours. This provides employers with the flexibility to devise a shift system to ensure continuous operations. Traditionally annualized hours were adopted in the manufacturing sector, but increasingly it is a popular system for organizing work time in the service sector, especially where twenty-four-hour, seven-day-week services are provided (http://www.jrank.org/business/pages/39/annual-hours-contracts). Job Share Job sharing is an arrangement where two or more employees share the duties and responsibilities of a single full time job. Each job sharer has broadly the same responsibilities, although their contractual terms and conditions of employment may differ. Job-sharing is common now across a range of occupations, including professions such as GPs, accountants and managers. This is an option that women may prefer as a way of returning to work after maternity leave. The employer benefits as it retains valuable skills within the organization, encourages retention and often results in greater productivity (www.clc.executiveboard.com). Self rostering â€Å"Flexible rostering is where each rostering period is planned individually (typically 4 -6 weeks at a time). Shifts are allocated on the basis of manning requirements which reflect anticipated demand patterns, as well as myriad other rostering parameters, including staffs preferences for off-duty† (Silvestro Silvestro, 2000). Thornthwaite Sheldon (2004) described that employee self-rostering systems enable individual employees to tailor working hours to maximize their compatibility with domestic responsibilities. Such rosters would allow employees to choose to work mornings, afternoons or school hours only, or some combination of different hours each day. Self-rostering means that a group of employees make work schedules by themselves. This is based on a company time frame determined by the employer in which the quantitative and qualitative demands have to be met. By designing the work schedules, the employees determine their own starting and ending time duration of their services and are supposed to create a dialogue to synchronize the individual wishes with the requirements set by the employer (Zeggenschap, 2008). Part time work Employees with a part-time work arrangement typically follow one of the following schedules: Work a reduced number of hours per day, five days per week Work eight hours per day, less than five days per week Employers are increasingly providing part-time employees with many of the same benefits provided to full-time workers particularly smaller employers that want to attract candidates but do not need many full-time workers. As with flextime, some states mandate that part-time work be available for women returning to work after a pregnancy (www.clc.executiveboard.com). 6.4 Benefits of flexible hours working arrangement. Both employees and employers alike can benefit through the utilization of flexible work practices. Flexible work arrangements can help to improve recruitment and retention, assist in managing workloads and in boosting employee satisfaction. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), U.K. guidelines for employers and employees state that flexible working opportunities benefit everyone: employers, employees and their families (www.dti.gov.uk, Flexible Working). For individuals, the opportunity to work flexibly can greatly improve the ability to balance home and work responsibilities. The DTI guidelines provide examples of the following flexible working schemes: Annualized hours describes working time organized on the basis of the number of hours to be worked over a year rather than a week; usually to fit in with peaks and troughs of work. Pay will depend on the hours worked each pay period. Compressed hours allow individuals to work their total number of agreed hours over a shorter period. For example, employees might work their full weekly hours over four, rather than five, days. They would be paid for a full-time job but would not receive overtime payments for any agreed extra hours worked during a day. Flexi time gives employees choice about their actual working hours, usually outside certain agreed core times. Individuals are paid for the hours that they work. Home-working doesnt have to be on a full-time basis and it may suit an employee to divide their time between home and office. Individuals are paid according to the hours that they work. Employers are required to carry out a risk assessment of the activities undertaken by home-workers, identifying any hazards and deciding whether enough steps have been taken to prevent harm to them or anyone else who may be affected by the work. Job-sharing typically involves two people employed on a part-time basis while working together to cover a full-time job. Both receive pay for the hours they work. Shift working gives employers the scope to have their business open for longer periods than an eight-hour day. Agreed flexible working arrangements may lead to a shift premium payment not being required. Staggered hours allow employees to start and finish their day at different times. Pay depends on hours worked in total rather than the time at which they were worked. Term-time working allows employees to take unpaid leave of absence during the school holidays. Bond et al, (2005) The Families and Work Institute report, When Work Works, states that employees who are provided with flexibility in their work are more likely to: Be engaged in their jobs and committed to helping their company succeed; Intend to remain with their current employer; and, Feel satisfied with their jobs. The positive work-life balance effects of flexible working are probably the best known and most frequently cited advantages. Aiming for a greater balance between demands from within and outside the workplace is often the driver for individuals to seek such arrangements. The interplay between employee wellbeing, work-life balance and performance brings into play factors such as organizational commitment, enthusiasm, energy and satisfaction. Flexible working arrangements, such as flexitime and teleworking, are becoming more common in industrialized countries but the impacts of such flexibility on employee health and wellbeing are largely unknown. Several studies have highlighted the beneficial effects of employee-negotiated flexible working on health and wellbeing, such as reduced stress and stress-related illnesses, reduced sickness absence and improved work-life balance, including time spent with children and marital satisfaction (MacEachen 2008). Kerry et al (2010) examined the health and wellbeing effects of flexible working arrangements which favour the worker as well as those dictated by the employer (for example, fixed-term contracts or mandatory overtime). The findings of this review tentatively suggest that flexible working interventions that increase worker control and choice (such as self-scheduling or gradual/partial retirement) are likely to have a positive effect on health outcomes, including improvements in physical health (reduced systolic blood pressure and heart rate), mental health (e.g. reduced psychological stress) and general health (e.g. tiredness and sleep quality) measures. Importantly, interventions which increased worker flexibility were not associated with any adverse health effects in the short term. In contrast, interventions that were motivated or dictated by organizational interests, such as fixed-term contract and involuntary part-time employment, found equivocal or negative health effects. Kandolin (1996) reported significant reductions in tiredness during the night shift when comparing intervention and control group participants. Smith (1998) demonstrated improvements in mental health, sleep quality on day shift, sleep duration on night shift and alertness during night shift in the intervention group compared with the comparison group. Viitasalo (2008) found statistically significant decreases in systolic blood pressure and heart rate for workers with flexible scheduling compared with those in the control group. A study which was performed by Cranfield University, found that the intuitive expectation that the employee who is better able to integrate work and non-work will experience enhanced wellbeing. Indirectly, this positive association impacts on performance, with employees in a sense ‘repaying their organization with improved levels of motivation and drive. Some employees who had become accustomed to working flexibly expressed unwillingness to move back to a more traditional pattern, linking their flexible arrangement to reduced pressure and stress. There was abundant evidence of individuals adapting their working arrangement over time to meet both changing job demands and evolving demands from the home, and great value was placed on the personal control to meet needs from both domains which was afforded by their flexible working pattern. So flexibility is highly valued, but does not remain static over time (www.workingfamilies.org.uk). Stress is linked to wellbeing and work-life balance, and here the picture is less clear. Flexible working could be seen as a positive measure which helped reduce workplace stress through reducing hours, cutting down on commuting time and minimizing work overload. However, it could also be a source of stress, if a reduction in hours meant that employees struggled to achieve objectives which had not been appropriately reduced to match such a change. This reinforces the message that flexible working needs to be well designed to succeed, particularly in the case of reduced hours work where the required tasks of the role should reflect the hours available (www.workingfamilies.org.uk). This study at Cranfield University also focused on the impact on employees performance related to the flexible working schedule. It has found that individuals and their managers felt positive 61% and 45% respectively. A similar number of managers 43% felt that there was no impact either way from flexible working. Only a small proportion of respondents indicated that flexible working had a negative impact on the quantity of work of either the flexible workers themselves or their co-workers. Flexible work allows people to make changes to the hours or times they work, and where they work. It helps people organize their careers to accommodate other commitments, and to manage transitions in and out of the workforce. For flexible work to be described as â€Å"quality†, these changes must not adversely affect income, career progression, availability of scheduled leave or access to desirable employment for those who take it up. For an arrangement to be considered truly flexible it must provide the employee with the means to manage his or her work while managing other commitments, and without adversely affecting the business. In addition, â€Å"quality flexible work† provides benefits for both employees and employers. Benefits for employees may include increased opportunities for families to spend â€Å"quality time† together and greater ease for family members to combine paid work and family responsibilities, while benefits for employers include addressing skills shortages and increased staff retention and loyalty (Fursman, 2009). Employee driven flexibility is widely regarded as a measure that can reduce work-life balance conflict. For example, in New Zealand, research by the Department of Labour (2008) found that employees who reported a particular FWA was available to them were more likely to rate their work-life balance highly. This is supported by research by the Families Commission showing that 88% of survey respondents who had a lot of flexibility were satisfied with their work-life balance, compared to 52% of respondents who had little or no flexibility (Families Commission, 2008). Statistics New Zealand data also shows that among employed people; those that did not have flexible hours in their main job were more likely to be dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with their work-life balance (Statistics New Zealand, 2008). Similarly in Australia, a 2008 survey found that employees without FWAs were more likely to experience work-life balance conflict (Pocock et al, 2009). Fursman and Zodgekar (2009) studied the Impacts of Flexible Working Arrangements on New Zealand Families. The findings of this research suggest that many family members have access to flexible work arrangements, and that such arrangements provide significant benefits for them and their families, including less stress and pressure and more opportunities to spend time together. Flexible work arrangements can also allow family members to meet their care responsibilities while maintaining their participation in the paid workforce. The arrangements wanted and needed by families changed as their families changed; for example, as children reached school age, or older family members became increasingly more dependent. A range of studies associate flexible work arrangements with positive outcomes for employees. This includes a positive impact on employees perceptions of job quality (Kelliher Anderson, 2008), increased job satisfaction and reduced leaving intentions (Forsyth and Polser-Debruyne, 2007), enabling families to spend more time together, and reducing stress and pressure (Families Commission, 2008). Gill et al(2007) studied the incidence and impact of flexible working arrangements in smaller businesses. In this study, positive impacts of flexible work arrangements in recruitment and retention, enhanced employee relations, commitment and loyalty are found, together with disadvantages of operational problems and administrative burdens. William et al (1981) have found that the flexi time did not support the traditional flexi time consequences for work satisfaction or leisure satisfaction. However, employees working under a flexi time schedule reported certain other improvements, including easier travel and parking, a smaller amount of interrole conflict, a greater feeling of being in control in the work setting; and more opportunity for leisure activities. 6.5 Limitations of implementation of flexible working hours Hayman (2009) has revealed that the attitudes and expectations of co-workers and employers intermingled with issues about fairness, managerial support, feelings of guilt, and career impacts are particular barriers to flexibility. And also he found that the availability of flexible work options alone may not be enough to influence work-life balance outcomes for employees and that perceived usability is critical. A UK study by Waumsley and Houston (2009) also found that perceptions play a significant role with study participants perceiving that flexible working is detrimental to work performance and career progression. This was despite participants recognizing that flexible working delivers work-life balance benefits. Organizational policies on flexible work cannot be fully effective without real support and commitment from management in implementing and applying these policies. Managers need to encourage and actively support the use of flexible arrangements, and organizations need to actively support managers in making flexible working arrangements part of the normal operating environment. Managers need to be provided with appropriate resources, training and time to appropriately assess all requests for changes in work arrangements. Some adjustments to work organization may be necessary, such as scheduling meetings when all staff can attend (Equal Opportunity for Women in the WorkplaceAgency;http://www.eowa.gov.au/Pay_Equity/Files/Recommendations). Organizations also need to ensure that all employees who are using flexible work arrangements are accepted and respected as valued and committed employees. Such employees should be included in all training and professional development opportunities and given the opportunity for promotion on the same basis as all other employees. A critical part of a flexible work culture is ensuring that employees understand and work within an environment of mutual trust and obligation. Employees must have a strong commitment to the success of any flexible work arrangement. Employees on flexible work arrangements must maintain work and performance standards and ongoing communication between employees and their supervisors is essential. Employee engagement in the success of flexible work arrangements will maximize benefits for both the organization and the employee (Equal Opportunity for Women in the WorkplaceAgency;http://www.eowa.gov.au/Pay_Equity/Files/Recommendations) Research by the Families Commission; found that a perception of unsupportive workplace cultures; a perceived impact on career progression and reduction in income; and a perception that flexibility was only available to highly valued employees were among the barriers experienced by employees (Families Commission, 2008). It also found that flexibility could also lead to guilt about taking time off and employees working harder and doing longer hours than might ordinarily be the case (Families Commission, 2008). A recent smaller study of firms in the New Zealand accounting sector noted the impact of traditional values and culture within the sector that work against flexibility (Ministry of Womens Affairs, 2010). This includes a culture of long hours and at partnership level, a perception that being a partner and caring for children were mutually exclusive (Ministry of Womens Affairs, 2010). Work-life balance issues including Flexible Working Arrangements have a significant gender dimension (Fursman, 2008). Fursmans 2008 review of literature usefully summarizes some of the key issues emerging as including: The significance of gender differences in the industries and occupations that women and men work in, with different occupations affording different opportunities to access Flexible Working Arrangements. A range of literature discusses gender differences in decision-making about career choices with women more likely to make decisions based on accommodating family needs. Differences in the availability of Flexible Working Arrangements, both in the UK and New Zealand, with women more likely to request arrangements affecting their total number of hours worked where as men were more likely to request forms of flexibility that had no effect on income and earnings. Research revealing differences between men and womens perceptions of work with women more likely to place weight on putting family needs before work (Fursman, 2008). Social policy journal of New Zealand mentioned about a research showed that there were a number of barriers preventing the take-up of flexible working arrangements, with many of these resulting from employee perceptions that using flexible work arrangements would not be supported by their employers. The lack of available arrangements in particular workplaces was an obvious barrier; however, other barriers centered on negative employer attitudes, both perceived and actual, to requests for flexible work. Employees reported that they did not use flexible work arrangements because doing so would have a negative impact on career progression and negative financial consequences (parti

Spending on Advancing the Arts is the Proper use of Public Resourses :: essays research papers

"As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate——and, perhaps, even cruel——when one considers all the potential uses of such money." Although I understand that the mercy that the speaker shows to the people experiencing starvation and unemployment, by asserting that the government should spend more money on the jobless and hungry people rather than squandering money on arts, I have to stand out that it is unwise to exclude art from using of public resources by just considering the starvation and survival problems faced by a minority of people. Admittedly, eliminating poverty is definitely deemed to be one of the ambitious missions of our society in a long run for we are not merciless humankind to witness so many people struggling with the housing problem and starvation. However, if a country ties up all its capital in solving starvation and unemployment problems and has little incentive to invest in art industry, with considering art as unnecessary luxuries, I would rather put it under the label of a refugee camp instead of a country. Every country has its own traditional culture. The essence of traditional art is to illustrate the national culture to the people all over the world in its unique artistic way. Why do we human beings distinct from other creatures in the world? We will never be satisfied with only enough food and safe shelter but starve for art which illuminates our life in the darkness and frustration. It is we humans who have a heart opens and seeks for arts forever. We know how to appreciate art and we dese rve this. Take Van Gogh as an example, he would rather quiet his stomach with painting than go out and find something to eat. He couldn’t live without his painting while he endured hungriness. Therefore we should be determined to foster the development of art for the majority in the society is waiting to enjoy life in ideological field aside from satisfied life necessities. We feel more fulfilled when we get something to communicate with our heart. We hear the echo of our heart. In the second place, is art really a kind of luxury and money consuming? Are the antique buyers billionaires who just interested in the antique itself? Actually not, in most of cases, it is the huge profit that drives many smart investors to heed on the antiques and cautiously pour their money in the realm of antique collectibles.

Essay on Convergence in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man :: Portrait Artist Young Man

Convergence in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man    As far as portraits go, James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is pretty dynamic.   Stephen is constantly in motion, hurtling through life. He sees, smells, and touches everything around him.   But I'd like to focus on one of the quieter moments - a moment of convergence.   The narrative encloses Stephen in a cloud of his own past, present, and future as he stands in a Dublin courtyard:    He began to beat the frayed end of his ashplant against the base of the pillar.   Had Cranly not heard him?   Yet he could wait.   The talk about him ceased for a moment: and a soft hiss fell again from a window above.   But no other sound was in the air and the swallows whose flight had followed with idle eyes were sleeping. [1]    Stephen's impatience melts as his quiet thoughts replace whatever he was about to say to Cranly.   He closes his senses off to his companions, to the roosting sounds of the birds in the courtyard and the jangle of the streets.   He hears only "a soft hiss".   This is the point of intersection for Stephen, and for the narrative itself.   Stephen remembers a quiet moment of prayer "in a wood near Malahide" - the past.   He thinks of Emma walking through the streets of Dublin leaving a trail of reverent silence.   She is the now.   Stephen beats an ashplant - a convenient prop for a poet - against a pillar and decides that he can wait.   Darkness is falling - it's almost tomorrow, almost the future.   This moment of quiet convergence for Stephen is a point of intersection for the reader: past, present, and future meet in a dusky Dublin courtyard.   Joyce incorporates several layers of his own creation into the scene - draws on his own "Epiphanies" and gives Stephen a prop to carry into Ulysses.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In chapter five of the novel, Joyce sets up this meditative moment for Stephen, has him remember a quiet moment of prayer from his past:    . . . he had dismounted from a borrowed creaking bicycle to pray to God in a wood near Malahide. He had lifted up his arms and spoken in ecstasy to the sombre nave of the trees, knowing that he stood on holy ground and in a holy hour. Essay on Convergence in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man :: Portrait Artist Young Man Convergence in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man    As far as portraits go, James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is pretty dynamic.   Stephen is constantly in motion, hurtling through life. He sees, smells, and touches everything around him.   But I'd like to focus on one of the quieter moments - a moment of convergence.   The narrative encloses Stephen in a cloud of his own past, present, and future as he stands in a Dublin courtyard:    He began to beat the frayed end of his ashplant against the base of the pillar.   Had Cranly not heard him?   Yet he could wait.   The talk about him ceased for a moment: and a soft hiss fell again from a window above.   But no other sound was in the air and the swallows whose flight had followed with idle eyes were sleeping. [1]    Stephen's impatience melts as his quiet thoughts replace whatever he was about to say to Cranly.   He closes his senses off to his companions, to the roosting sounds of the birds in the courtyard and the jangle of the streets.   He hears only "a soft hiss".   This is the point of intersection for Stephen, and for the narrative itself.   Stephen remembers a quiet moment of prayer "in a wood near Malahide" - the past.   He thinks of Emma walking through the streets of Dublin leaving a trail of reverent silence.   She is the now.   Stephen beats an ashplant - a convenient prop for a poet - against a pillar and decides that he can wait.   Darkness is falling - it's almost tomorrow, almost the future.   This moment of quiet convergence for Stephen is a point of intersection for the reader: past, present, and future meet in a dusky Dublin courtyard.   Joyce incorporates several layers of his own creation into the scene - draws on his own "Epiphanies" and gives Stephen a prop to carry into Ulysses.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In chapter five of the novel, Joyce sets up this meditative moment for Stephen, has him remember a quiet moment of prayer from his past:    . . . he had dismounted from a borrowed creaking bicycle to pray to God in a wood near Malahide. He had lifted up his arms and spoken in ecstasy to the sombre nave of the trees, knowing that he stood on holy ground and in a holy hour.

A Study on Othello’s Character

William Shakespeare wrote another tragedy about a Moor of Venice named, â€Å"Othello. † The story started when Othello appointed Cassio to be his lieutenant. This made Iago very angry. At that time, Othello was seeing a beautiful woman named, Desdemona, the daughter of senator Brabantio. This gave an opportunity for Iago to get back at Othello for not appointing him as lieutenant. Iago then convinced Rodrigo, who has a deep desire for Desdemona, to tell Brabantio about her relationship with Othello. At first, Brabantio didn't believe them, but was convinced at last. Enraged, he ordered Othello arrested, but Othello was summoned by the Duke of Venice on â€Å"urgent matters. † Brabantio ended up accusing Othello of using â€Å"spells and potions† to win Desdemona in front of the Duke. Othello, of course, denied bewitching his daughter. So Brabantio blessed their marriage. Desdemona loved Othello very much that she offered to go with him when the Duke ordered Othello to defend Cypress from the coming Turkish fleets. This made Rodrigo very jealous, but still hoped to win her one day, wishing that Othello too, will eventually get tired of her. Iago advised Rodrigo to make money by â€Å"selling his lands and fighting in wars,† to be able to impress Desdemona. Fortunately, a tempest wrecked the Turkish fleet, â€Å"eliminating the threat† and people rejoiced. While rejoicing, Iago told Rodrigo how Desdemona was â€Å"flirting† with Cassio. Iago then advised him to provoke a fight with Cassio to get him in â€Å"trouble† with local authorities. In reality, all Iago wanted to do was to make Othello jealous of Cassio and Rodrigo. To make this happen, Iago made Cassio drunk, and therefore being drunk, he had a fight with Rodrigo. Othello then dismissed Cassio from his post as lieutenant. Iago then advised Cassio to meet secretly with Desdemona, to help him convince Othello to reappoint him as lieutenant. Knowing that Cassio will heed his advice, Iago, one day, brought Othello with him so Othello could witness the â€Å"secret meeting. † This helped spark Othello's jealousy and suspicion. Iago had continuously worked on Othello's jealousy, and he even used his wife, Emilia, to his advantage. He asked Emilia to steal the beloved â€Å"handkerchief† Othello gave to Desdemona as a gift. He placed the handkerchief in Cassio's room, and told Othello that he'd seen Cassio use it. This totally enraged Othello, so he appointed Iago to be the new lieutenant, and told him to kill Cassio, but the Duke already appointed Cassio to be in charge. (Jalic Inc. ). With his rage, he was able to strike Desdemona: Othello: I am glad to see you mad. Desdemona: Why, sweet Othello†¦ Othello: [Striking her] Devil! Desdemona: I have not deserved this. Lodovico: My lord, this would not be believed in Venice, Though I should swear I saw't: 'tis very much: Make her amends; she weeps. Othello: O devil, devil! If that the earth could teem with woman's tears, Each drop she falls would prove a crocodile. Out of my sight! Desdemona: I will not stay to offend you. Lodovico: Truly, an obedient lady: I do beseech your lordship, call her back. (Shakespeare, Act IV, Scene I). Confused and hurt, Desdemona tried to understand her husband. Iago then led Rodrigo to kill Cassio, but Cassio lived and Rodrigo was killed instead. Othello, on the other hand, killed Desdemona. Brabantio killed himself upon knowing what happened to his daughter. In the end, Bianca and Emilia told the truth, and Iago â€Å"killed Emilia† for revealing it. Due to despair, Othello eventually killed himself. Iago was left under â€Å"Cassio’s hands† to be punished. (Jalic Inc. ). Othello started as a strong character. He is the â€Å"Moor† of Venice, a very handsome Berber-Arab, and Muslim origin. The evil character, Iago, first tried Othello by making his relationship with Desdemona known to Brabantio, but Othello won since he eventually married her. The Duke of Venice even appointed him to defend Venice from invaders. However, he has one great weakness: his jealousy. He loved his wife so much that jealousy attacked him enough to believe his right-hand man, Cassio, was really involved with his wife. The greatest problem here is the lack of communication between Othello and Desdemona. Othello got mislead by the malicious taunting of Iago. The sad part is, his character entirely changed that he became so hostile towards his â€Å"beloved† wife. His very weak character leads him to be defeated when he killed his own wife. He even became more pathetic when he killed himself. In reality, are we like Othello, easily defeated by rumors? There were a lot of ways to prove somebody’s innocence and Othello didn’t do it. There were a lot of couldas, wouldas, shouldas that Othello might have done, but he let jealousy overcome his being. We can learn a lot of things from this tragedy, as these tragedies are real experiences of the past, too.

Home Care Housing Hrm

This report showing the few HR issues currently faced by Home Care Housing. Over 12 years, Home Care Housing Association has employed more than 600 employees. Among those employees, 40% of them will be male and 60% of them will be female. This also proven that there will be no proper ratio in workforces between men & women. About 60% of female is placed in certain roles and departments such as auxiliary, nursing and office staffs group but none in the managerial and supervise division.This will be considered as one of the gender discrimination. Some units which transferred from local authority will be faced the issue of variation such in levels of pay, hours of work, shift payments and holidays. Head office staffs have increased rates due to cost of living increasing every year but unit staffs none. Unit staffs working hours per week were longer than head office staffs. Even in term of holiday entitlement, head office staffs also entitled more compared to unit staffs.Shift payments a re also different in some units due to long service for nursing and auxiliary staffs. Hence proven again the term and conditions in organisation’s policy was not consistent. Because of the strong philanthropic aspects permeating the organisation so that no redundancies happened in the organisation and manager is given too much of autonomy. Some of the managers have simply decided to increase staff pay across the board which based of yearly budgets or sometimes skipping years.The discrimination issue has been noticed while a complaint has been received from a member of staffs mentioned that one of the manager is biased on the good staffs who willing to follow their instructions by giving them monetary advantages like incentive, increment on pay and non-monetary benefits like preferential shift patterns and extra time off. For those staffs whose are refused to comply will get bad shifts and do not have a rise of pay. Irregularity of reward strategy was happened when the cost of living awards only given to those staffs which unit has been transferred from local authority.The payment structure and reward strategy has been introduced but never been considered by them. Furthermore will be the race and religion discrimination issue which one of a family member of residents of one home has viewed the profile of one staff who took care of their family member was from anti-semetic groups and different races from them, so they refused to let that staff to work for their family member. Besides, another discrimination on age issue occurred when one of the manager has posted few deprecating comments about the senior management of the organisation have been corner cutting some of the care standards.For the employees who joined early days are well motivated and most of them were union members. They had the meeting regularly and persuading the others to join as union member. For the other staffs who are non union member who refuse to comply with unionized manager are tr eated unfairly and have not been motivated by management. On the other hand, another issue will be lack of communication between the older unit management with their staffs.They may have no regular briefing as other units done and always received a lot of complains and grumbles from staffs in the matter of facilities providing and upgrading. In addition, issue of misuse of social media also occurred in the organisation. The organisation had set up an own ‘Facebook’ page which provided the company information. Although the â€Å"Facebook’ page was successfully attracted some new clients but some negative news like care home abusing and some heated argument which involved of own staffs participation were posted up in the page.Workplace intimidation was happened as one of the family member of one resident has complaint and blamed the cleaning staff has stolen their resident money. They manager of that unit who want to investigate deeply about the case has been thre atened by the family member. The organisation has faced the issue of high employee turnover and difficulty on hiring new staffs. The managers found that the applicants were not suitable and even some of the posts have to be advertised so many time before getting the suitable applicants.One of the manager has done for the survey and spoke to the staffs who have resigned from the organisation, realized that those resigned staffs are leaded to other local organisation not only because of they get higher pay than your organisation but other organisation did provided the training and development programme which lead to their position. The organisation did not have proper essentials to meet the standardization of care quality via care quality inspection.Although the organisation did have own policies but didn’t not meet all this standard requirements. As well as the organisation also lack of individual development plans for staffs as a lot of staff did not have certain working skil ls and poor supervision of managers. Some of the quality manager did not realised the important of having standardisation to care of quality and commission. And some of the quality manager had told their staffs to follow the standard requirements but they did not have proper check after instructing.

Management Information Systems Assignment Report

115. 107 Management Information Systems Assignment Report Contents Part 1 – ER Diagram2 Part 2 – Tables and Keys3 Part 3 – Queries4 Part 4: Spreadsheet filters and pivot tables7 List of Figures Figure 1 – ER diagram for event management system of hotel2 Figure 2 – Query 1 QBE for staff allocation4 Figure 3 – Query 1 output for staff allocation4 Figure 4 – Query 2 QBE for scheduled events beginning of October5 Figure 5 – Query 2 output for scheduled events beginning of October5 Figure 6 – Query 2 database report for scheduled events beginning of October6Figure 7 – Query 3 QBE for total number of registered participants6 Figure 8 – Query 3 output for total number of registered participants7 Figure 9 – Spreadsheet data with no filers or conditional formatting applied7 Figure 10 – Spreadsheet with the â€Å"show only events commencing after 15th October filter applied7 Figure 11 – Spreadshe et with the ‘show only events commencing after 1st November as underlined' conditional formatting applied8 Figure 12 – Pivot table8 Figure 13 – Pivot table as a bar chart8 List of TablesTable 1 – Attributes for ER diagram for event management system of hotel2 Table 2 – Attributes for ER diagram for event management system of hotel3 Part 1 – ER Diagram StaffMember Venue Event Registration Attendee Reserved for Manages Accept Makes Applies to 1.. * 1.. * 1 1 1 0.. * 0.. * 0.. * 0.. * Payment Accept 0.. * 0.. * 1 Gains entry Client System Presents 0.. * Record Details 1 0.. * Inputs 1.. * 1.. * Figure [ 1 ] – ER diagram for event management system of hotel Table [ 1 ] – Attributes for ER diagram for event management system of hotel Entity Type| Attributes| Key attribute|Venue| venueID, venueCapacity, venueDescription| venueID| Event| eventID, eventName, eventType, startDate, endDate, startTime, endTime, availableSpaces, eventFee| e ventide| StaffMember| staffID, firstName, lastName, jobTitle | staffID| Registration | registrationID, registrationDate, eventID | registrationID| Attendee| attendeeID, firstName, lastName, title, companyName, contactAddress, phoneNo | attendeeID| Payment| paymentAmount, paymentDate, paymentType, paymentCredit, creditcardID, creditcardName, creditcardExpiry| paymentID| Client| clientName, companyName, contactAddress, contactPhone, clientIndustry, clientNeeds| clientID| System| systemClient, systemAttendee, systemVenues, systemInvoice, | systemID| Part 2 – Tables and Keys Table [ 2 ] – Attributes for ER diagram for event management system of hotel Table| Column| Primary Key| Comments|VenueTbl| venueID, venueCapacity, venueDescription| venueID| | EventTbl| eventID, eventName, eventType, startDate, endDate, startTime, endTime, availableSpaces, eventFee, staffID| eventID| staffID is a foreign key into StaffMemberTbl. | StaffMemberTbl| staffID, firstName, lastName, jobTitle | staffID| | RegistrationTbl| registrationID, registrationDate ,eventID, attendeeID| registrationID| eventID is a foreign key into EventTbl while attendeeID is a foreign key into AttendeeTbl| AttendeeTbl| attendeeID, firstName, lastName, title, companyName, contactAddress, phoneNo, eventID, registrationID| attendeeID| RegistrationID is a foreign key into RegistrationTbl while event ID is a foreign key into EventTbl. ReservedforTbl| eventID, venueID, attendeeID, | reserveID| eventID is a foreign key into EventTbl while attendeeID is a foreign key into AttendeeTbl| Part 3 – Queries Query 1 -StaffAllocation Figure [ 2 ] – Query 1 QBE for staff allocation Figure [ 3 ] – Query 1 output for staff allocation Query 2 – YearEndSchedule Figure [ 4 ] – Query 2 QBE for scheduled events beginning of October Figure [ 5 ] – Query 2 output for scheduled events beginning of October **For unknown reasons, event 9, 16 & 17 is not listed in the search result e ven when the date falls within the range as set out in the criteria. I have attempted to modify the criteria selection to cover between the date range of 30/09/2011 – 01/01/2050 etc but it has still failed to come up. Query 2 – Year End ReportFigure [ 6 ] – Query 2 database report for scheduled events beginning of October Query 3 – Registration Numbers Figure [ 7 ] – Query 3 QBE for total number of registered participants Figure [ 8 ] – Query 3 output for total number of registered participants Part 4: Spreadsheet filters and pivot tables Figure [ 9 ] – Spreadsheet data with no filTers or conditional formatting applied Figure [ 10 ] – Spreadsheet with the show only events commencing after 15th October filter applied Figure [ 11 ] – Spreadsheet with the ‘show only events commencing after 1st November as underlined' conditional formatting applied Figure [ 12 ] – Pivot table Figure [ 13 ] – Pivot table a s a bar chart

International Financial Integration. Is it worth it

We are witnessing the transformation of meld-20th century managerial capitalism Into global financial capitalism†. This Is what Martin Wolf expressed In an article written for the Financial Times In June 18, 2007. Even after the global economic crawls that followed the next years and from which the world Is still recovering, this statement Is of great relevance.Actually, this crawls Is a good example of how Integrated the world's financial markets have become: a financial crisis that started In some developed countries practically spread throughout the whole world. As Wolf himself hinted in his book Fixing Global Finance, it is obvious why financial crises bounce back from one country to another (2008, p. 25).First, markets are connected globally, both for commodities and financial instruments; second, an unexpected weakness in one country is seen by investors as a weakness for apparently similar countries; third, when governments fail to respond to financial crises as expected , trust in their willingness to act elsewhere will be lost; fourth, a high perception of risk in one market may spread to others; and fifth, the rationing of reedit to risk borrowers can turn a slight instability into a crisis (Wolf, 2008, p. 5). Likewise, Jeffrey Freddie adds that current regulations and technology allow money to travel around borders almost instantly, giving rise to short-term international transactions (Freddie, 1991, p. 428). With such vulnerabilities, to what extent is international financial integration (capital mobility) worth it? To answer this question, this paper will try to explain how and why capital mobility alters economic policymaking by governments as well as the tradeoffs such policies entail.By doing so, it will show the extent to which capital mobility takes policy autonomy away from governments and Indicates how It can affect certain countries more than others. To do so, first the concept of the open economy trillium will be illustrated. Followed policymaking and its interaction with exchange-rate stability and macro-economic independence and the influence this has in different countries.The Unholy Trinity Also known as the open economy trillium or the Mendel-Fleming Model in reminiscence to the economists that first set forth the concept, it indicates that overspent must choose between two of three goals: capital mobility (CM), exchange-rate stability, or monetary independence (Freddie, 2008, p. 347). Giving up CM implies placing capital controls that ultimately close world markets to a country. This is what the Latin American nations practiced from the sass's until the sass's with their import-substitution industrialization (IS') policy (Freddie, 2007, p. 10-312). On the contrary, in a financially integrated world as today, the trade-off is between exchanger stability and domestic monetary policy autonomy. If the latter is referred, the exchanger will have to be allowed to fluctuate. For example, if a government wants to encourage investment and increase consumption, policymakers will pursue low interest rates. Hence, many investors will want to move their investments to another country that offers higher interest rates.When the capital leaves the country, demand for the local currency will 2 decrease and it will end up depreciating; there is no exchange-rate stability (Walter, 2013, p. 22). Conversely, if policymakers prefer exchange-rate stability, they need to subject monetary policy solely to this goal. To neutralize depreciation or appreciation, interest rates still have to be lowered or increased, but they cannot be used for domestic objectives such as encouraging investment or promoting a rise in consumption (Walter, 2013, p. 22).With this model in mind, I now pass to explain how and why CM alters autonomous economic policymaking by governments, first by indicating its influence and then by explaining its interaction with the other two goals of the economy trillium. Influence of CM in nationa l economic policymaking worth asking: what are the benefits of CM that make it incontestable in today's world? Benefits of CM For one part, CM allows countries to borrow from the rest of the world in order to improve their ability to produce goods and services (Newly, 1999, p. 1 5).In doing so, goods and services from other parts of the world compete in local markets. This creates a more competitive environment, driving down profits and forcing companies to seek finance from outside (Wolf, 2008, p. 22). Due to the increased competitiveness, a global financial system can benefit the quality of domestic regulation: there will be pressure for better accounting 3 standards and an improved legal and financial system (Wolf, 2008, p. 3). In this sense, it will encourage companies to lobby for a more efficient, flexible and accessible financial system (Wolf, 2008, p. 3). Linked to competition, such financial systems can encourage governments to re- think' their policies (avoid requesting to o much taxes or allowing too much inflation, for example) and prevent capital outflows (Wolf, 2008, p. 23). Also, CM allows risk diversification and technology transfer (Wolf, 2008, p. 23). Furthermore, in many developing countries the economy is not big enough for its citizen's savings to finance world-level institutions. This is an important argument for allowing the presence of foreign banks (Wolf, 2008, p. 23).For example, between 1960 and 1980 South Korea annually requested funds from international sources equivalent to 4. 3% of its GAP to finance its strong economic growth (Newly, 1999, p. In addition, capital flows allow countries to avoid large drawbacks in consumption from economic crises by selling assets to and/or borrowing from outside sources (Newly, 1999, p. 1 5). It was precisely through foreign lending that Mexico and Argentina were able to overcome their 1995 crisis (Grumman, 2008 p. 51). All in all, capital flows can be beneficial for a nation.However, this type of global integration is likely to generate crisis if pursued with a low level of economic development (Wolf, 2008, p. 24). Citizens in developed countries may have enough savings within the national financial system to allow their governments to leverage enough investment and growth. However, developing countries will most likely depend on capital inflows for this and even more urgently when an economic imbalance occurs. Hence, many countries in the past have used capital controls to limit the harmful effects (Grumman, 2008, p. 107).Pinpointing on this last issue, what leads a country to prefer a fixed exchange-rate and monetary autonomy over CM? In short, the control of capital flows helps a country have economic stability (Newly, 1999, p. 21). As investors have limited information about the true value of the assets they hold in the country, they tend to infer from the actions of others, creating a herding behavior, where asset price variations cause further changes in the same dire ction, leading to a boom-bust cycle and macro-economic instability, hence Justifying capital controls (Wolf, 2008, p. 25).There are different ways this is sought by today's governments. Control of CM First, capital controls may be used to discourage capital outflows in the event of a crisis, allowing the central bank (CB) to have invulnerability with domestic monetary policy. This is how Malaysia responded to its 1998 crisis (Newly, 1999, p. 19). -. Second, economic stability can be achieved by preventing destabilize outflows in the first place, in other words, changing the composition of capital inflows (Newly, 1999, p. 21). Through capital inflow controls, the government helps prevent future and sudden outflows by investors.This is what Chile practiced in the sass's. By scrounging capital inflows, Chile was able to limit the number of volatile capital that could have left the country on short notice (Newly, 1999, p. 21). 5 Likewise, at present the International Monetary Fund (MIFF ) is recommending capital flow management measures after exhausting interest-rate adjustment and if implemented alongside foreign exchange-rate reserves accumulation and macro- prudential financial regulation (Gallagher, 2012). As mentioned above, the aim of CM controls is macro-economic stability.I will now further explain the reasons why CM causes economic instability in the first place. There are two reasons: either they are the result of irresponsible behavior in the markets or of bad policies by local authorities (Change, 1999, p. 7). The former reason has to do with human attitudes: while in economic boom, there is excess of greed; in recession, there is excess of fear (Wolf, 2008, p. 21). This leads, as explained above, to the panic and herding effect. Market that make it inherently risky – adverse selection, moral hazards, and asymmetric information (Wolf, 2008, 19).The unfortunate intervention of a government (wrong or bad fiscal and/or monetary policies) often makes them even sees safe, as is the case of poor fiscal discipline added to a lack of monetary discipline (Wolf, 2008, 22). Likewise, mistakes in exchange-rate policy can greatly affect the financial market as will be described in the next section. Both of these reasons affect the other two goals of the unholy trinity: exchange-rate stability and monetary independence. We will be able to see this by explaining the interactions of CM with these two other goals.Interaction of CM with exchange-rate stability and macro-economic independence 6 To provide a sense of how CM interacts with exchange-rate and macro-economic lollygagging, different scenarios are analyzed: fixed vs. fluctuated exchange-rate and the efficacy of monetary and fiscal policies. First, the efficacy of fiscal policy in a country with a fixed exchange-rate and CM will be considered. Supposing that a government seeks to stimulate national income, it will pursue an increase in aggregate demand by increasing government spendi ng and/or reducing taxes.Consequently, interest rates will go up and an inflow of capital from abroad will arrive. This capital inflow would lead to an excess supply of foreign currency. Therefore, as the exchange rate is pegged, the country CB would have to ay that excess supply with national currency, thus stimulating the national income even more. Although this might seem ideal, the ultimate consequence is a detriment of the country international competitiveness: exports would become more expensive to the world and imports cheaper for the locals (Greece, 2003, p. 87).Accordingly, international investors would lose confidence in the government's capacity to sustain a current account deficit brought by the capital inflow, as well as probable price inflation due to the fiscal expansion , and move their money somewhere else (Greece, 2003, p. 7). Now with a capital outflow, the CB would seek to raise interest rates, which leads to a decrease in investment and consumption, thus reducin g aggregate demand and counteracting the national income stimuli (Greece, 2003, p. 87). From a monetary policy perspective, the prospect is not positive either.If the economy wants to be stimulated, the CB would have to reduce interest rates which currency would exceed its demand, and in order to maintain its peg the country CB would have to buy the excess with 7 its foreign exchange reserves. The national currency reduction circulating in the economy and the consequent increase in interest rates and decrease of income and consumption would end up cutting the national income stimuli also (Greece, 2003, p. Now, considering a flexible exchange-rate and, again, supposing a fiscal policy intended to boost national income and hence a rise in interest rates, the country would expect capital inflows.Therefore, there is an increase in demand for the national currency, which would appreciate in value, causing imports to be less expensive in the local market and exports more expensive abroad. Accordingly, the country would lose in international competitiveness and the probable reduction of sports (because they are now more expensive for the world) would decrease national income (Greece, 2003, p. 88). On the other hand, regarding monetary policy with a flexible exchange-rate, some political scientists consider that it has strengthened as the world has become more integrated (Greece, 2003, p. 89).When a government's goal is an increase in national income, the natural response is to lower interest rates. This would provoke a capital outflow from the country, which in turn brings depreciation of its currency and hence a competitive edge in the international market. This effect would increase aggregate emend and national income even more (Greece, 2003, p. 89). However, policy preferences of economic interest groups differ within a country (Freddie, 1991 , p. 432 and Walter, 2008, p. 406). Therefore, those who depend on imports, for example, will prefer a stronger local curre ncy (Freddie, 1991, p. 45). This is, for example, Thailand experience with its 1997 economic crisis (Walter, 2008, p. 422). Thailand economy was, and still is, export-oriented. However, in 1997 the majority of its exporters produced industrial goods that needed imported inputs. Therefore, the depreciation ad no real competitive effect (Walter, 2008, p. 422). 8 Developing countries and CM As economic and financial markets in developed countries provide more stability to investors, as seen with the above interactions developing countries are more externalities on recipient countries (Gallagher, 2012).In this sense, regulating CM is an optimal tool to address market failures and enhance growth, not worsen it (Gallagher, 2012). Conclusion International financial integration alters national economic policymaking. This can be understood by first looking at the Mendel-Fleming Model and the influence and interaction of CM with exchange-rate stability and macro-economic independence. In toda y's world, CM has priority over the two other goals. However, there are certain traits that can lead a country into an imbalance or even a deep crisis, especially for developing countries.Hence, the level of openness to CM must be studied against the economic development of the country and its financial health. Countries are the custodians of national economic stability and well-being.